The development of genome and proteomic technologies is related, first of all, to the progress recently achieved in developing of high-sensitivity, rapid methods for registration and analysis of nucleic acids and proteins. One of such methods, combining high sensitivity and high response speed, is the nanowire (NW) detection technique. This technique allows one to register analyte species in real time without using labels. Nowadays, the concentration sensitivity of such systems in registering proteins and DNAs reaches the femtomolar level. In the present chapter, we consider nanowire sensor systems based on silicon nanowire field-effect transistors. We discuss the achieved potential in detecting low-copy proteins with the help of nanowire systems. We show that it is possible to use not only antibodies, but also aptamers, as probing molecules for biospecific protein detection. We also discuss the possibility of using nanowire detectors in genome studies.

关键词：基因组；蛋白质检测；纳米线传感器

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This chapter presents the design of a system of fuzzy controllers for a differential mobile robot that was developed to navigate in outdoors environments over a predetermined route from point A to point B without human intervention. The mobile robot has the main features of geo-navigation to obtain its current position during the navigation, obstacles detection and the avoidance of these obstacles in an autonomous form. In this work to achieve the autonomous navigation in real-time, it was necessary to design a system based on fuzzy controllers. The system performs the detection and the analysis of the surrounding environment of the mobile robot to take actions that allow achieving the target point in a safe way. The position and orientation of the mobile robot is achieved with the use of geographical coordinates, through a GPS and the use of a magnetic compass which determines the steering angle. The detection of the environment is through ultrasonic sensors mounted on the mobile robot. All the inputs are taken by the system to compute through fuzzy rules the motion control of the mobile robot, to estimate the position and orientation accurately and to control the speed of the two DC motors to drive the wheels. In this work, the experiments were performed in dynamic outdoors environments, where the mobile robot performed successfully the navigation and the obstacles avoidance. In all the experiments, the mobile robot achieved its mission to reach the target position without human intervention; the results show the validity of the developed system. The experimental framework, experiments and results are explained in terms of performance and accuracy.

关键词：移动机器人；模糊控制器；传感器

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Being aware of the context is one the important requirements of Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS). Context-aware systems have the capability to sense what is happening or changing in their environment and take appropriate actions to adapt to the changes. In this chapter, we present a technique for identifying the focus of attention in a context-aware cyber-physical system. We propose to use first-person vision, obtained through wearable gaze-directed camera that can capture the scene through the wearer's point-of-view. We use the fact that human cognition is linked to his gaze and typically the object/person of interest holds our gaze. We argue that our technique is robust and works well in the presence of noise and other distracting signals, where the conventional techniques of IR sensors and tagging fail. Moreover, the technique is unobtrusive and does not pollute the environment with unnecessary signals. Our approach is general in that it may be applied to a generic CPS like healthcare, office and industrial scenarios and also in intelligent homes.

关键词：第一人称视觉；上下文感知的感知；认知动作联动；传感器

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The Robot Operating System (ROS) is a popular middleware that eases the design, implementation, and maintenance of robot systems. In particular, ROS enables the integration of a large number of heterogeneous devices in a single system. To allow these devices to communicate and cooperate, ROS requires device-specific interfaces to be available. This restricts the number of devices that can effectively be integrated in a ROS-based system. In this work we present the design, implementation, and evaluation of a ROS middleware client that allows to integrate constrained devices like wireless sensor nodes in a ROS-based system. Wireless sensor nodes embedded in the environment in which a robot system is operating can indeed help robots in navigating and interacting with the environment. The client has been implemented for devices running the Contiki operating system but its design can be readily extended to other systems like, e.g., TinyOS. Our evaluation shows that: in-buffer processing of ROS messages without relying on dynamic memory allocation is possible; message contents can be accessed conveniently using well-known concepts of the C language (structs) with negligible processing overhead with respect to a C++-based client; and that ROS' message-passing abstraction facilitates the integration of devices running event-based systems like Contiki.

关键词：机器人操作系统；活性氧；无线传感器

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Humidity sensitive layers elaborated from pure HMDSO and TEOS by PECVD technique have been studied. Humidity sensing properties including impedance relative humidity (RH) and current RH characteristics were investigated. TEOS films show higher sensitivity and excellent linearity over the explored range of humidity (20-95% RH). However, HMDSO films exhibits a small response and recovery of about 8 and 34 s for humidification and desiccation, respectively, in addition to very low hysteresis (2%). Structural analyses of sensitive layers were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).

关键词：HMDSO； TEOS；湿度传感器；电气特性

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Coverage is one of the most important targets that has to be achieved by cellular operators. Without coverage provisioning, concepts like service, or Quality of Service (QoS) cannot be considered. Therefore, cellular coverage prediction and enhancement is a basic and prevailing area of research in wireless communications. Our work introduces an automatic and remote self-optimization process based on exploitation of geo-location information for cellular coverage optimization. Specifically, we use Radio Environment Maps (REMs) for cellular network coverage hole detection purposes. We define REM as an intelligent entity which stores incoming radio environmental data and also interpolates this data to benefit from the spatial correlation that exists in it. Furthermore, with the standardization of Minimization of Drive Tests (MDT) in 3GPP, geo-location based solutions/applications are increasingly becoming feasible and popular. The proposed REM-based coverage hole detection approach drastically reduces the required drive tests and enhances the network with self-responsive capabilities to handle key obstacles towards cellular networks autonomy.

关键词：覆盖；网络运营商；服务质量；驱动测试

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The use of Wireless Sensor and Actuator Networks (WSAN) as an enabling technology for Cyber-Physical Systems has increased significantly in recent past. The challenges that arise in different application areas of Cyber-Physical Systems, in general, and in WSAN in particular, are getting the attention of academia and industry both. Since reliability issues for message delivery in wireless communication are of critical importance for certain safety related applications, it is one of the areas that has received significant focus in the research community. Additionally, the diverse needs of different applications put different demands on the lower layers in the protocol stack, thus necessitating such mechanisms in place in the lower layers which enable them to dynamically adapt. Another major issue in the realization of networked wirelessly communicating cyber-physical systems, in general, and WSAN, in particular, is the lack of approaches that tackle the reliability, configurability and application awareness issues together. One could consider tackling these issues in isolation. However, the interplay between these issues create such challenges that make the application developers spend more time on meeting these challenges, and that too not in very optimal ways, than spending their time on solving the problems related to the application being developed. Starting from some fundamental concepts, general issues and problems in cyber-physical systems, this chapter discusses such issues like energy-efficiency, application and channel-awareness for networked wirelessly communicating cyber-physical systems. Additionally, the chapter describes a middleware approach called CEACH, which is an acronym for Configurable, Energy-efficient, Application- and Channel-aware Clustering based middleware service for cyber-physical systems. The state-of-the art in the area of cyber-physical systems with a special focus on communication reliability, configurability, application- and channel-awareness is described in the chapter. The chapter also describes how these features have been considered in the CEACH approach. Important node level and network level characteristics and their significance vis-avis the design of applications for cyber physical systems is also discussed. The issue of adaptively controlling the impact of these factors vis-a-vis the application demands and network conditions is also discussed. The chapter also includes a description of Fuzzy-CEACH which is an extension of CEACH middleware service and which uses fuzzy logic principles. The fuzzy descriptors used in different stages of Fuzzy-CEACH have also been described. The fuzzy inference engine used in the Fuzzy-CEACH cluster head election process is described in detail. The Rule-Bases used by fuzzy inference engine in different stages of Fuzzy-CEACH is also included to show an insightful description of the protocol. The chapter also discusses in detail the experimental results validating the authenticity of the presented concepts in the CEACH approach. The applicability of the CEACH middleware service in different application scenarios in the domain of cyber-physical systems is also discussed. The chapter concludes by shedding light on the Publish-Subscribe mechanisms in distributed event-based systems and showing how they can make use of the CEACH middleware to reliably communicate detected events to the event-consumers or the actuators if the WSAN is modeled as a distributed event-based system.

关键词：高效节能；物理系统；中间件；传感器

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This chapter presents the concept of development and management of SOA applications within the configurable service platform which supports all phases starting from business process definition. The unique features of the platform include: business process compatibility, easy reconfiguration of composition schemes, visual support for requirements and service definition, QoS assessment (including communication services) and service execution control. Moreover, it illustrates how effective tools for SOA management may be developed within the SOA paradigm itself, and how this paradigm may be used to achieve their interoperability and flexibility.

关键词：配置服务平台；业务流程；互操作性；通信

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Network coding is a technique where relay nodes mix packets using mathematical operations, which can increase the throughput. Network coding was first proposed for wired networks to solve the bottleneck in a single multicast session problem and to increase the throughput. However, the broadcast nature of wireless networks and the diversity of the links make network coding more attractive in wireless networks. Network coding can be classified as either inter or intra-session. Inter-session network coding allows the packets from different sessions (sources) to be mixed to increase the throughput. In contrast, intra-session network coding, which can be used to address the packet loss problem, uses the diversity of the wireless links and mixes packets from the same sessions. In this chapter, we survey the recent works on network coding in both general wireless networks and wireless sensor networks. We present various network coding techniques, their assumptions, applications, as well as an overview of the proposed methods.

关键词：网络编码；数学运算；吞吐量；传感器

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Automatic fingerprint verification systems use ridge flow patterns and general morphological information for broad classification and minutia features for verification. With the availability of high resolution fingerprint sensors, it is now feasible to capture more intricate features such as ridges, pores, permanent scars, and incipient ridges. These fine details are characterized as level-3 or extended features and play an important role in matching and improving the verification accuracy. The main objective of this research is to develop a quality induced multi-classifier fingerprint verification algorithm that incorporates both level-2 and level-3 features. A quality assessment algorithm is developed that uses Redundant Discrete Wavelet Transform to extract edge, noise and smoothness information in local regions and encodes into a quality vector. The feature extraction algorithm first registers the gallery and probe fingerprint images using a two-stage registration process. Then, a fast Mumford-Shah curve evolution algorithm is used to extract four level-3 features namely, pores, ridge contours, dots, and incipient ridges. Gallery and probe features are matched using Mahalanobis distance measure and quality based likelihood ratio approach. Further, the quality induced sum rule fusion algorithm is used to combine the match scores obtained from level-2 and level-3 features. The experiments performed on 1000 ppi (pixels per inch) fingerprint databases show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms.

关键词：指纹识别；脊流动模式；指纹传感器

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