Wind turbine blades usually achieve a very long operating life of 20-30 years. During their operation, the blades encounter complex loading with a high number of cycles as well as severe weather. All of these factors result in accumulated damage, acceleration of fatigue damage, and even sudden blade failure, which can cause catastrophic damage to the wind turbine. In recent years, many structural health monitoring (SHM) techniques, including global and local methods, have been developed and applied as important and valid tools to detect the damage of wind turbine blades. This chapter provides a comprehensive review and analysis on the state of the art of SHM for blades. Then, the SHM techniques are described in detail. For the global method, this chapter discusses mainly the vibration-based damage detection problem for wind turbine blades given the rotation effects. For the local methods, a fatigue damage detection system used for wind turbine blade is developed using high spatial resolution differential pulse-width pair Brillouin optical time-domain analysis (DPP-BOTDA) sensing system and PZT sensors is introduced to detect the tiny damage under static loading.

关键词：风力涡轮机叶片；损伤检测；基于振动的方法；PZT

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SPR is real-time, label-free measurements of binding kinetics and affinity. This has distinct advantage over radioactive or fluorescent labeling methods, in terms of 1) ligand-analyte binding kinetics, that can be probed without costly and time-consuming labeling process that may interfere with molecular binding interactions; 2) binding rates and affinity can be measured directly and 3) low affinity interactions in high protein concentrations can be characterized with less reagent consumption than other equilibrium measurement techniques; 4) Label-free detection of molecular interactions presents an attractive alternative. This is particularly true for protein targets where labels can compromise protein function. Label-free methods are also desirable because these are typically compatible with real-time detection, enabling the determination of rates of association. The success of SPR biosensor was indicated by the growing number of commercially available instruments. Since Biacore AB (originally Pharmacia Biosensor AB) launched the first commercial SPR biosensor in 1990, there have been many more competing SPR instruments including IASys (Affinity Sensors), SPR-670 (Nippon Laser Electronics), IBIS (IBIS Technology BV), TISPR (Texas Instruments), etc.

关键词：SPR；荧光标记；动力学；传感器

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Establishing adequate RF (Radio Frequency) connectivity is the basic requirement for the proper operation of any wireless network. In a mobile wireless network it is a challenge for applications and protocols to deal with connectivity problems, as links might get up and down frequently. In these scenarios, having knowledge of the node remaining connectivity time can avoid unnecessary or even unuseful control/data messages transmissions. The current paper presents the so-called Genetic Machine Learning Approach for Link Quality Prediction, or simply GMLA, which is a solution to forecast the remainder RF connectivity time in mobile environments. Differently from all related works, GMLA allows building connectivity knowledge to estimate the RF link duration without the need of a pre-runtime phase. This allows to apply GMLA at unknown environments and mobility patterns. Its structure combines a Classifier System with a Markov chain model of the RF link quality. As the Markov model parameters are discovered on-the-fly, there is no need of a previous history to feed the Markov model. Obtained simulation results show that GMLA is a very suitable solution, as it outperforms approaches that use geographical positioning systems (GPS) and also approaches that use link-quality prediction, such as BD and MTCP. GMLA is generic enough to be applied to any layer of the communication protocol stack, especially in the link and network layers.

关键词：网络遗传机器学习方法；无线传感器；链路质量预测

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Augmented reality is defined as augmenting an image of the real world with a computer-generated image that provides additional information. After introducing the basic definitions, the chapter covers the challenge of modeling the real environment. This process generally has two phases: sensing the information from the environment using various sensors, then reconstructing the environment. The chapter also describes the specific displays and user interfaces used in augmented reality. It concludes with a few representative applications, from medicine to advertising.

关键词：增强现实；传感器；图像；真实环境

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Underwater acoustic communications consume a significant amount of energy due to the high transmission power (10-50W) and long data packet transmission duration (0.1-1 s). Mobile Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) can conserve energy by waiting for the 'best' network topology configuration, e.g., a favorable alignment, before starting to communicate. Due to the frequency-selective underwater acoustic ambient noise and high medium power absorption-which increases exponentially with distance-a shorter distance between AUVs translates into a lower transmission loss and a higher available bandwidth. By leveraging the predictability of AUV trajectories, a novel solution is proposed that optimizes communications by delaying packet transmissions in order to wait for a favorable network topology (thus trading end-to-end delay for energy and/or throughput). In addition, the proposed solution exploits the frequency-dependent radiation pattern of underwater acoustic transducers to reduce communication energy consumption. Our solution is implemented and evaluated through emulations, showing improved performance over some well-known geographic routing solutions and delay-tolerant networking solutions.

关键词：水声通信；高发送功率；长数据分组传输；通信

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The key idea of our approach is that the arrangement phase (request-quote) of business service can be realized in a generic way independent of application domain. On the basis of this idea a new information technology is proposed (in the form of specifications and protocols) and implemented as a prototype system for business process automation (including planning, composing of services, and execution). Augmented with social media it is the basis for creating a communication platform for developing electronic markets.

关键词：企业服务；应用领域；通信；电子市场

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Employing cooperative heterogeneous systems can enrich application scenarios and achieve higher application performance. The combination of mobile robots and Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is a good example of such cooperation, and many recent research results have highlighted the benefits of the marriage of these two technologies. The main objectives of this chapter include: (1) providing a survey on a variety of applications with cooperating mobile robots and WSNs based on the roles they play for interaction, and (2) elaborating different cooperative interactions of robots and WSNs in our ongoing project, PLAtform for the deployment and operation of heterogeneous NETworked cooperating objects (PLANET), which is an integrated framework of heterogeneous cooperative objects for network deployment and operations.

关键词：异构系统；移动机器人；无线传感器网络

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These types of sensors are based on measuring responses to light emission or to illumination. Optical biosensors are based on well-founded methods including fluorescence, phosphorescence, light absorbance, photothermal techniques, chemiluminescence, surface plasmon resonance (SPR), total internal reflectance, light rotation, and polarization and could employ a number of techniques to detect the presence of a target analyte. As an example, these technical usages have been demonstrated to detect the presence of allergens, particularly peanuts, during food production.

关键词：传感器；基于测量；等离子共振；食品安全

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This chapter proposes a scalable SLAM method that uses range measurements sensed by Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) nodes. It integrates direct robot-node range measurements as well as measurements static nodes take from other nodes -internode measurements- exploiting WSN nodes capability of organizing into networks. To cope with the high number of measurements, the method adopts an PF-EIF SLAM filter, significantly more scalable and efficient than traditional schemes based on EKF. The integration and use of internode measurements can significantly improve map and robot estimations accuracy. It can also anticipate the deployment and convergence of the Particle Filters (PFs), resulting in lower computational burden. The proposed method has been compared with traditional schemes based on EKF both in simulation and in experiments carried out in the CONET Integrated Robot-WSN Testbed.

关键词：无线传感器网络；节点范围；机器人；滤波器

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Nanofluids are not only valuable for their enhanced thermal properties - a large international research effort has been directed towards developing nanoparticles and nanofluids with tunable optical properties. Optical sensors, optical filters, solar absorbers, lasers, cancer therapies, and a whole suite of other applications can benefit from nanofluids with controlled optical properties. While there are many solid optical components commercially available, flowing fluid-based (both liquids and gases) systems are superior for transient applications. Optical engineering of nanofluids has been made possible by recent advances in fabrication techniques - enabling tight tolerance, highly reliable production of almost any material in a wide variety of shapes and sizes. In the right dose, the addition of well-designed nanoparticles can alter the optical properties of pure fluids (water, oils, and alcohols) from being transparent to bespoke fluids which are highly absorbing, scattering, or a mixture for any portion of the optical spectrum. Metallic nanoparticles, in particular, display the highly selective phenomenon of plasmon resonance which allows them to be utilized to create fluids which can interact strongly with a small band of light. Thus, the development of a new class of nanofluid-based optofluidic devices represents an emerging trans-disciplinary synthesis between nanotechnology, thermofluids, and optics. As a primer to this field and to encourage research activity in this area, this chapter will describe the state-of-the-art and the requisite theory behind this type of technology.

关键词：纳米流体；传感器；光学工程；光学滤波器

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