This chapter is focused on Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) and wireless communications as enabling technologies for future Smart Cities. The chapter first reviews the main advances and achievements in both fields, highlighting the major research projects developed in Europe and USA as well as the suitability of Wireless Access in Vehicular Environment (WAVE) technology. These advances are contextualized with the notion of SmatCity, as a new emergent paradigm within the information and communication technologies. The chapter highlights the main contributions that ITS can provide in the development of Smart Cities as well as the future challenges.

关键词：智能交通系统；无线通信；智能城市

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In the present chapter we aim to overview the synthesis techniques and growth mechanism of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanowires and their related properties. In particular, here we review both wet and dry synthesis techniques reported in the literature, such as hydrothermal and sol-gel routes, template-assisted growth, electrodeposition process, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), pulsed laser deposition and RF magnetron sputtering. According to each synthesis technique, the chapter reports not only the detailed procedure, but also the advantages and disadvantages, analyzing in particular the properties of ZnO nanowires related to their microstructural and morphological features. The functional properties of ZnO nanostructures are also overviewed with a particular attention to their electrical properties and the related potential applications, exploiting either the semiconductive and piezoelectric behavior of ZnO nanowires. A comprehensive review is here focused on their use as field effect transistor, energy nanogenerators, pH and gas sensors, as well as the use of ZnO nanowires for energy conversion, like photovoltaic cells and water splitting photoelectrochemical cells.

关键词：合成技术；氧化锌；纳米线生长机理；传感器

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Since wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are vulnerable to malicious attacks due to their characteristics, privacy is a critical issue in many WSN applications. In this chapter, we discuss existing privacy enhancing technologies designed for protecting system privacy, data privacy and context privacy in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). The privacy-preserving techniques for the system privacy hide the information about the location of source nodes and the location of receiver nodes. The data privacy techniques mainly protect the privacy of data content and in-network data aggregation. The context privacy refers to location privacy of users and the temporal privacy of events. For each of these three kinds of privacy in WSNs, we describe its threats and illustrate its existing privacy-preserving techniques. More importantly, we make comparisons between different techniques and indicate their strengths and weaknesses. We also discuss possible improvement, thus highlighting some research trends in this area.

关键词：无线传感器网络；接收器；源节点

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While it is well known that the ocean is one of the most important component of the climate system, with a heat capacity 1,100 times greater than the atmosphere, the ocean is also the primary reservoir for freshwater transport to the atmosphere and largest component of the global water cycle. Two new satellite sensors, the ESA Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) and the NASA Aquarius SAC-D missions, are now providing the first space-borne measurements of the sea surface salinity (SSS). In this paper, we present examples demonstrating how SMOS-derived SSS data are being used to better characterize key land-ocean and atmosphere-ocean interaction processes that occur within the marine hydrological cycle. In particular, SMOS with its ocean mapping capability provides observations across the world's largest tropical ocean fresh pool regions, and we discuss from intraseasonal to interannual precipitation impacts as well as large-scale river runoff from the Amazon-Orinoco and Congo rivers and its offshore advection. Synergistic multi-satellite analyses of these new surface salinity data sets combined with sea surface temperature, dynamical height and currents from altimetry, surface wind, ocean color, rainfall estimates, and in situ observations are shown to yield new freshwater budget insight. Finally, SSS observations from the SMOS and Aquarius/SAC-D sensors are combined to examine the response of the upper ocean to tropical cyclone passage including the potential role that a freshwater-induced upper ocean barrier layer may play in modulating surface cooling and enthalpy flux in tropical cyclone track regions.

关键词：海面盐度； SMOS卫星；被动微波遥感；海洋淡水循环

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Recent advances in MEMS hardware have enabled small-footprint and inexpensive sensors to be deployed in hard-to-access locations and to form wireless sensor networks (WSNs). WSNs are typically mission-oriented networks and offer appealing solutions to a range of practical problems. However, due to the characteristics of WSN, their design principles differ from other types of networks. For instance, the severe limitations of computational and energy resources in the network nodes restrict their ability to process and communicate information. These characteristics, particular to WSNs, dictate new security challenges and require new approaches to implementation of security protocols. In this chapter, we present some of the WSNs security challenges and discuss a number of selected solutions presented in the technical literature. The structure of the chapter is as follows. In Sect. 1, we provide background material on WSN security; in particular, we present the security goals, implementation constraints, potential attacks and defenses, and evaluation benchmarks. In Sect. 2, we discuss basic security challenges and approaches, including cryptography schemes, key management schemes, and attack detection and prevention mechanisms. Then, in Sects. 3, 4, and 5, we discuss secure routing, secure localization, and secure data aggregation, respectively. Finally, we conclude the survey in Sect. 6.

关键词：微机电系统；传感器；无线传感器网络；通信

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This chapter presents a method for repairing the connectivity and redundancy of a WSN using mobile robots. It comprises three mechanisms: diagnosis, connectivity repairing and redundancy repairing. During the diagnosis stage the robots survey the scenario learning all required information of the problem. The connectivity repairing mechanism, which takes place after the diagnosis stage, finds the best deployment locations to ensure that the WSN has 1-connectivity. The redundancy repairing mechanism finds the locations where the deployment of new nodes best improves fault tolerance to node failures. The proposed scheme does not use any parameters or assumptions since it acquires all the required information during the diagnosis stage. Besides, its solution is very close to the optimal solution -in all the experiments performed it differed in one node maximum- but requires only a fraction of the time required by the optimal method. The proposed method has been evaluated in simulations and has been validated in experiments carried out in the CONET Robot-WSN Integrated Testbed.

关键词：移动机器人；无线传感器网络；连通修复机制

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The technology supporting the development of electrochemical biosensors is a high interest area of current research programs. Broad interdisciplinary skills are required for the design and construction of these devices. To provide a brief overview of these biosensors, it is helpful to (1) define what is meant by a biosensor (2) explain the attributes and properties of an effective sensor. The detection approach is electrochemical in origin. This is a technical discipline that constitutes an area of specialization in its own right. The applicable biomaterials and how they produce detection signals brings together biochemical sciences with electrochemical phenomena. Finally a discussion of the immobilization technologies is presented. This yields a useful biosensor which is a significant materials science development effort. Also, list of references is presented that can lead the reader to current texts and major review articles addressing the technology in greater detail.

关键词：电化学生物检测；检测器；生物化学；信噪比

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The chapter circumscribes off-line soft computing decision support tool in selection of robotic grippers depending upon a set of qualitative and quantitative parameters. To ascertain the relative suitability among a set of robotic grippers, being the alternatives, was adjudged on the basis of grip to weight ratio, grip to power input, degrees of freedom, number of sensors, task completion deftness (speed of actuation), price and control strategy. Multiple Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) tools like Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) and Visekriterijumsko Kompromisno Rangiranje (VIKOR) methodologies were implemented to substantiate the selection process. The solution with regards to the selection problem reveals higher order of consistency.

关键词：机器人抓手；多目标决策;层次分析法；TOPSIS；VIKOR

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PZ sensors were previously considered as not being sensitive enough compared to other types of transducers. As theoretical backgrounds for operation of piezosensors in liquids became completed and many successful applications were reported, this situation changed. The PZ biosensors represent a convenient tool for fast and simple determination of viruses and bacteria, proteins, nucleic acids, and small molecules such as drugs, hormones, and pesticides. Usually, no additional unstable reagents are required for the analysis. The traditionally interpreted mass changes (microbalance operation) are currently supplemented with dissipation and viscoelastic changes-the presence of analyzed molecules initiated agglutination reactions and conformation changes of attached biolayers, and enhanced responses are due to nanostructured surfaces and application of nanoparticles. This provides novel ways to improve the sensitivity of measurements and recently the studies of eukaryotic cells (adhesion, morphology, apoptosis, etc.) became frequent.

关键词：压电式传感器；敏感；微操作

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Since wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are vulnerable to malicious attacks due to their characteristics, privacy is a critical issue in many WSN applications. In this chapter, we discuss existing privacy enhancing technologies designed for protecting system privacy, data privacy and context privacy in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). The privacy-preserving techniques for the system privacy hide the information about the location of source nodes and the location of receiver nodes. The data privacy techniques mainly protect the privacy of data content and in-network data aggregation. The context privacy refers to location privacy of users and the temporal privacy of events. For each of these three kinds of privacy in WSNs, we describe its threats and illustrate its existing privacy-preserving techniques. More importantly, we make comparisons between different techniques and indicate their strengths and weaknesses. We also discuss possible improvement, thus highlighting some research trends in this area.

关键词：无线传感器网络；恶意攻击；隐私；私密环境

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