Background: Millions of people and domestic animals around the world are affected by leishmaniasis, a disease caused by various species of flagellated protozoans in the genus Leishmania that are transmitted by several sand fly species. Insecticides are widely used for sand fly population control to try to reduce or interrupt Leishmania transmission. Zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by L. major is vectored mainly by Phlebotomus papatasi (Scopoli) in Asia and Africa. Organophosphates comprise a class of insecticides used for sand fly control, which act through the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the central nervous system. Point mutations producing an altered, insensitive AChE are a major mechanism of organophosphate resistance in insects and preliminary evidence for organophosphate-insensitive AChE has been reported in sand flies. This report describes the identification of complementary DNA for an AChE in P. papatasi and the biochemical characterization of recombinant P. papatasi AChE. Methods: A P. papatasi Israeli strain laboratory colony was utilized to prepare total RNA utilized as template for RT-PCR amplification and sequencing of cDNA encoding acetylcholinesterase 1 using gene specific primers and 3'- 5'-RACE. The cDNA was cloned into pBlueBac4.5/V5-His TOPO, and expressed by baculovirus in Sf21 insect cells in serum-free medium. Recombinant P. papatasi acetylcholinesterase was biochemically characterized using a modified Ellman's assay in microplates. Results: A 2309 nucleotide sequence of PpAChE1 cDNA GenBank: JQ922267 of P. papatasi from a laboratory colony susceptible to insecticides is reported with 73-83% nucleotide identity to acetylcholinesterase mRNA sequences of Culex tritaeniorhynchus and Lutzomyia longipalpis, respectively. The P. papatasi cDNA ORF encoded a 710-amino acid protein GenBank: AFP20868 exhibiting 85% amino acid identity with acetylcholinesterases of Cx. pipiens, Aedes aegypti, and 92% amino acid identity for L.

关键词：乙酰胆碱酯酶；脱氧核糖核酸；双翅目；医药

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Over the past decade, several technological advances have allowed Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) receivers to have the capability to record displacements at high frequencies, with sampling rates approaching 100 samples per second (sps). In addition, communication and computer hardware and software have allowed various institutions, including the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), to retrieve, process, and display position changes recorded by a network of GNSS sites with small, less than 1-s delays between the time that the GNSS receiver records signals from a constellation of satellites and the time that the position is estimated (a method known as real-time). These improvements in hardware and software have allowed the USGS to process GNSS (or a subset of the GNSS, the Global Positioning System, GPS) data in real-time at 1 sps with the goal of determining displacements from earthquakes and volcanoes in real-time. However, the current set of GNSS equipment can record at rates of 100 sps, which allows the possibility of using this equipment to record earthquake displacements over the full range of frequencies that typically are recorded by acceleration and velocity transducers. The advantage of using GNSS to record earthquakes is that the displacement, rather than acceleration or velocity, is recorded, and for large earthquakes, the GNSS sensor stays on scale and will not distort the observations due to clipping of the signal at its highest amplitude. The direct observation of displacement is advantageous in estimating the size and spatial extent of the earthquake rupture. Otherwise, when using velocity or acceleration sensors, the displacements are determined by numerical integration of the observations, which can introduce significant uncertainty in the estimated displacements.

关键词：计算机软件；数据处理；位移；地震；通信

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The synthetic cannabinoids, Win55,212-2 (Win2), enhanced the growth- inhibitory response to ionizing radiation in three different (MCF7, MDA-MB-231 and 4T1) experimental breast tumor cell lines. Studies using an inactive analog of Win-2 demonstrated that this effect was structure-specific. This finding was confirmed in an immune-competent (4T1) rodent model of tumor growth. Unexpectedly, Win2 failed to improve the response to a variety of cancer chemotherapeutic agents such as Adriamycin and Paclitaxel; studies in vivo also failed to demonstrate that the combination of Win-2 + Adriamycin was more effective than Adriamycin alone. However, in view of the fact that cannabinoids are currently used to improve the quality of life for cancer chemotherapy patients, the absence of antagonistic effects suggests that Win2 could be used in combination with radiation and chemotherapy without interfering with the effectiveness of chemotherapeutic agents as antitumor drugs.

关键词：乳腺癌；模拟系统；抗生素；化疗药物

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This paper describes application of a complex band-pass (BP) Δ∑ DA modulator to I-Q signal generation for communication IC testing. We examine the characteristics of the complex BP Δ∑ DA modulator and confirm the effectiveness of Data-Weighted Averaging(DWA) algorithm for real and complex multi-bit multi-BP Δ∑ DA converters. We also present theoretical analysis and simulation results.

关键词：复杂的过滤器；多波段；多音；Δ-Σ；数据加权平均

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Escherichia coli were genetically modified to enable programmed motility, sensing, and actuation based on the density of features on nearby surfaces. Then, based on calculated feature density, these cells expressed marker proteins to indicate phenotypic response. Specifically, site-specific synthesis of bacterial quorum sensing autoinducer-2 (AI-2) is used to initiate and recruit motile cells. In our model system, we rewired E. coli's AI-2 signaling pathway to direct bacteria to a squamous cancer cell line of head and neck (SCCHN), where they initiate synthesis of a reporter (drug surrogate) based on a threshold density of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). This represents a new type of controller for targeted drug delivery as actuation (synthesis and delivery) depends on a receptor density marking the diseased cell. The ability to survey local surfaces and initiate gene expression based on feature density represents a new area-based switch in synthetic biology that will find use beyond the proposed cancer model here.

关键词：基因表达；受体位点（生理学）；癌；大肠杆菌；医药

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The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has established buildout requirements-which require a licensee to build the necessary infrastructure and put the assigned spectrum to use within a set amount of time-for most wireless services, including cellular and personal communication services. FCC tailors the buildout requirements it sets for a wireless service based on the physical characteristics of the relevant spectrum and comments of stakeholders, among other factors. Therefore, buildout requirements vary across wireless services. For example, a buildout requirement can set the percentage of a license's population or geographic area that must be covered by service or can describe the required level of service in narrative terms rather than numeric benchmarks. Buildout requirements also vary by how much time a licensee has to meet a requirement and whether it has to meet one requirement or multiple requirements in stages. FCC's enforcement process for wireless-service licenses with buildout requirements primarily relies on information provided by licensees, and FCC followed its process for the five wireless services GAO reviewed. Specifically, FCC requires licensees to self-certify that they have met buildout requirements. If a licensee does not do so, FCC automatically terminates the license. Some stakeholders GAO interviewed said that self-certification is an effective way for FCC to enforce buildout requirements because it is public and transparent. GAO examined FCC license data for five wireless services and found that buildout requirements were met for 75 percent of those licenses, and FCC generally terminated those that did not. As part of enforcement, FCC also grants or dismisses licensees' requests to extend the deadline for meeting a requirement. FCC may grant an extension if the licensee shows that it cannot meet a deadline due to causes beyond its control, like a lack of available equipment. For the five wireless services examined, GAO found that extensions were requested for 9 percent of licenses, and FCC granted 74 percent of these requests. FCC officials said that the Commission seeks to be aggressive but pragmatic when enforcing buildout requirements, including being flexible on deadlines when needed. Some licensees and industry associations GAO interviewed said that extensions can provide needed flexibility when unexpected problems occur. Some concerns were raised, however, that granting extensions can undermine buildout requirements by creating an impression that they will not be strictly enforced.

关键词：消费者保护；数据采集；数据完整性；通信

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This project examines mutations found in familial cases of schwannomatosis in the tumor suppressor SMARCB1, a component of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex. Drosophila is being used to investigate the nature of the SMARCB1 mutations and the molecular consequences which give rise to schwannomas. Sensitized in vivo assays for SMARCB1 function using RNAi knockdown of Snr1 (fly ortholog of SMARCB1) reveal missense mutations from patients have varying degrees of residual function suggesting they are hypomorphic. Drosophila genetics has identified novel Snr1 interactions, including a potent interaction between Snr1 and the NF2/merlin tumor suppressor gene, which is also involved in schwannomatosis, as well as regulators of Cyclin E and the Hedgehog pathway. The consequences of SMARCB1/Snr1 knockdown on gene expression is being examined using microarrays. Purification of wild type and mutant SMARCB1 is being performed to examine altered protein interactions that may contribute to schwannomatosis.

关键词：果蝇；核糖核酸；抑制；染色质

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We generate high-purity correlated and entangled photon- pairs at the telecom wavelengths in a cooled 10-meter highly nonlinear fiber (HNLF). In our previous project (contract no: FA8750-12-1-0136), we were able to generate correlated/entangled photon-pair using the highly nonlinear fiber in a counter-propagating scheme (CPS). With the HNLF at room temperature, we obtain coincidence-to-accidental ratio (CAR) approximately 26-30 and two-photon interference with visibility approximately 92%-93%. This is the best performance compared to the reported results in the literature on HNLF and Photonic Crystal Fiber (PCF) at telecom wavelengths. Unlike the PCF or microstructure fiber, the HNLF can be cooled at liquid nitrogen temperatures (77K) to suppress Raman photons. By cooling the HNLF, we expect to obtain a CAR approximately 130 and two-photon interference with visibility > 98%. We will verify the non-local behavior of high-purity HNLF-based entangled photon-pairs by making Bell's Inequalities measurements. We investigate the effect of multiple scattering on the telecom wavelength photon-pair. Our findings show that quantum correlation of polarization-entangled photon-pairs is better preserved than polarization-correlated photon-pairs in multiple scattering processes.

关键词：量子通信；量子理论；拉曼光谱

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Swarm intelligence has become an intensively studied research area in the last few years. Gathering of mobile robots is one of its basic topics that aims the assembly of the scattered robots on the smallest possible area. In this chapter, we present a new and effective algorithm for this task supposing an obstacle-free plan, limited visibility, and synchronous, fat (disc-like) robots without global navigation, communication, or memory. The key idea of the algorithm is that in case of each robot after detecting the visible neighbouring robots it sets the target of the next step based on the encountered visible robots' center of gravity. The new algorithm was successfully tested using computer simulations for several parameter and swarm size values and it achieved similar or better performance as the studied previously published algorithms in all of the cases.

关键词：移动机器人群；收集的问题；脂肪机器人

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The Hybrid III dummy is a common standard test device for automotive car crash and mine blast (shock) events, which is validated and accepted by the crash test community. The Hybrid III 50th percentile male Anthropomorphic Test Device is also required by STANAG 4569 for injury assessment for mine detonation tests. The Test Device for Human Occupant Restraint (THOR) 50th percentile male advanced crash dummy is a next generation anthropomorphic test device that incorporates significantly improved biofidelity in all major parts and has expanded injury assessment capabilities beyond its predecessors, including the Hybrid III Anthropomorphic Test Device. Comparative evaluation of THOR versus Hybrid III dummies will bring additional insight and understanding of THOR injury prediction capabilities and biofidelity, specifically for vertical shock and mine blast events.

关键词：汽车；冲击；对比分析

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