This report describes a molecular biosensor that includes a lipid vesicle and housing wherein the vesicle is contained on orwithin the housing and where the housing has a portion capable of transmitting a force generated external to the housing to the vesicle. The biosensor detects the presence or absence of an event force, such as a blast or blunt force sufficient to produce a medical complication, such as traumatic brain injury.

关键词：创伤性脑损伤；高炉；钝体；中枢神经系统；医药

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An estimated 50 to 70 million Americans suffer from chronic sleep disorders, which can affect performance on daily tasks and lead to negative health consequences. Zolpidem is a medication approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for short-term treatment of insomnia and is the active ingredient in the drugs Ambien, Ambien CR, Edluar, and Zolpimist. Historically, the FDA has recommended that the dose of most drugs containing zolpidem should be reduced by half when prescribed for the elderly. Despite this recommendation, studies have shown that older populations are often being prescribed the higher dose, which may increase adverse reactions. In a January 2013 safety announcement, the FDA took further steps by requiring drug manufacturers to lower the recommended doses of medications containing zolpidem by half for females; similar action was recommended, although not required, for males.

关键词：急诊；急救医疗服务；药物；医药

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The Toxics Release Inventory was the first major initiative to take a disclosure-based approach to environmental regulation and has served as the model for several other disclosure-based environmental policies. Yet the magnitude of its direct impacts on industrial manufacturing outcomes has not been established. I use Census Bureau micro-data to estimate the impacts of the Toxics Release Inventory on the opening of new manufacturing plants. I find that on average, counties that were found to be among the dirtiest in the country, in terms of toxic emissions, experienced a decrease in dirty plant births and an even larger increase in clean plant births. Furthermore, the magnitude of this shift is closely related to per capita income in the affected counties-the effect is strongest in high-income communities and is reversed in low-income communities.

关键词：空气污染控制；环境影响；毒性；医药

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Because aging can lower the fracture resistance of bone in ways that are independent of bone mass, the present project investigated the possibility that transforming growth factor (TGF)-Beta inhibition could improve multiple measurements of fracture resistance in growing, mature adult, and old rodents. TGF-Beta inhibition was achieved with a neutralizing antibody known as 1D11. When administered to growing mice for 4 weeks (13 to 17 weeks of age), 1D11 substantially increased trabecular bone volume fraction. Moreover, treatment-related improvements in trabecular architecture and tissue mineral density translated to stronger vertebral bodies. When administered to adult (6 months) and old rats (22 months) for 6 weeks, 1D11 did not have an appreciable effect on trabecular bone. As another example of differential effects of 1D11 between mice and rats, treatment increased the estimated material strength of cortical bone in mice while it increased the structural strength of cortical bone in old rats with no effects on bone in adult rats. In comparison to control antibody treatment, 1D11 also increased the fracture toughness of bone from growing mice and old rats. These effects appear to be independent of bone mass, and identifying the cause (e.g., changes in collagen crosslinking) is the next step.

关键词：骨折；骨；成人；老化（生理）；抗体；医药

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There are many illegal substances abused today. There are other substances, such as over-the-counter medications, household products, and legitimate pharmaceuticals (medicines) that are also abused. This brief guide provides information on the most commonly abused drugs. Here are some facts which will help you understand the facts about illegal drugs. The Controlled Substances Act (CSA) categorizes drugs into five categories (Schedules I-V) according to their medical use, potential for abuse, and safety. The most addictive drugs, and drugs which have no medical use, are in Schedule I. Federal penalties for manufacturing and/or distributing illegal drugs are based on the danger each drug poses to individuals and to the public. There are several classes of drugs; each class has different properties and effects on the user. Narcotics: Narcotics (such as heroin, morphine, OxyContin, etc.) are used to dull the senses and reduce pain. Narcotics can be made from opium (from the opium poppy) or created in a laboratory (synthetic and semi-synthetic narcotics). Stimulants: Stimulants reverse the effects of fatigue on the body and brain. Sometimes they are referred to as uppers. Cocaine, amphetamines, methamphetamine and Ritalin are stimulant drugs. Cocaine is derived from the coca plant grown in South America. Nicotine (found in tobacco) is also a stimulant.

关键词：滥用药物；预防；药物；学生；医药

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EZH2 exerts oncogenic functions in breast cancer, where its overexpression is associated with metastasis. While it reportedly acts a transcriptional repressor, EZH2 may exhibit context-dependent activating functions. Despite associations with worse outcome and metastasis in breast cancer, a functional role for EZH2 in breast cancer metastasis in vivo has not been demonstrated. Also, whether EZH2 regulates cancer cell phenotype and motility are unknown. We discovered that EZH2 knockdown induces a phenotypic reprogramming from mesenchymal to epithelial, and reduces motility and invasion in breast cancer cells. In vivo, EZH2 knockdown decreased spontaneous metastasis to the lungs in mice. We found a role for EZH2 in inducing the p38 signaling pathway, an important regulator of breast cancer invasion and metastasis. In breast cancer cells, EZH2 bound to phosphorylated p38 (p-p38) in association with other core members of the Polycomb Repressive Complex 2, and EZH2 overexpression led to increased levels of p-p38 and of activated, downstream pathway proteins. The effect on pp38 was confirmed in vivo as it correlated with decreased spontaneous metastasis. In clinical specimens of matched primary and invasive breast carcinomas, EZH2 expression was up- regulated in 100% of metastases, and EZH2 and p-p38 were coexpressed in 63% of cases. These findings reveal a new mechanism by which EZH2 functions in breast cancer.

关键词：乳腺癌；转移；核心；体内分析；医药

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Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) makes up 18% of all new breast cancer diagnoses, and is considered a precursor to invasive breast cancer even though the majority of cases almost 70% may never progress to invasive disease. Markers that identify which patients are most likely to experience progression are critically needed so that fewer patients are over-treated. This study is evaluating two novel tumor markers that may indicate greater risk of tumor progression based on recent work that suggests that stromal syndecan-1 expression induces an extracellular matrix with an aligned collagen fiber architecture, and that this collagen alignment in turn facilitates malignant cell invasion. We are using archived tumor tissue from 267 cases of DCIS of the breast to evaluate syndecan-1 expression and collagen alignment. These DCIS cases, diagnosed between 1995 and 1999, have been followed for breast cancer outcomes; to-date, 12.5% of cases have experienced a second breast cancer diagnosis. Analysis of syndecan-1 expression and collagen alignment patterns is on-going. Data analysis will ensue upon completion of tumor markers. No scientific knowledge has yet been produced.

关键词：乳腺癌；胶原；数据处理；肿瘤；医药

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Bone is a common site of metastasis in breast cancer patients, leading to serious clinical consequences and a poor prognosis. The molecular mechanisms regulating this preferential metastasis of breast cancer to bone have not yet been fully elucidated. Our lab has found that CD68 is highly expressed in certain breast cancer cell lines and demonstrated that expression is correlative with bone adhesion ability. We hypothesized that CD68 mediates attachment of breast cancer cells onto bone matrix, subsequently regulating bone metastasis. Using stable shRNA (short hairpin RNA) to knock down CD68 expression in breast cancer cells and forcing expression of CD68 in breast cancer cell lines that do not endogenously express it, it is suggested that CD68 is not a critical adhesion molecule. However, because CD68 is a lysosomal protein, it may be involved in cell viability, particularly through autophagy. The ongoing studies may further provide more direct and convincing data.

关键词：骨头；乳腺癌；转移；粘附；细胞（生物学）

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No abstract available.

关键词：毒理学；对健康的影响；全氟辛酸；医药

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This technology assessment reports the results of our review of the existing literature on commercially available genetic tests that are used to identify the tissue or origin (TOO) of the cancer in patients with cancer of unknown primary(CUP) site. CUP is a case of metastatic tumor for which the primary TOO remains unidentified after comprehensive clinical and pathologic evaluation. This review focused on analytical and clinical validity of the tests and their utility in guiding the diagnosis and treatment of CUP and improving health outcomes.

关键词：基因检测；分子病理学；癌；基因测试；医药

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