In this study we propose to develop and validate pulmonary nodule elastometry imaging, a method complementary to CT that has the potential to increase the specificity of screening for early detection of lung cancer. We propose to address the need for greater specificity in lung cancer screening by characterizing a mechanical property of pulmonary lesions, specifically pulmonary nodule (PN) elasticity, in addition to standard anatomic features. We hypothesize that malignant and benign PN can be distinguished more specifically by different elasticities determined from 4D CT images. The specific aims of the study were the development of pulmonary nodule elastometry algorithms based on deformable image processing of 4D CT images and their validation in an animal model and in a retrospective review of over 200 4D CT scans from patients with small malignant pulmonary nodules previously treated with radiation in our department. We have successfully developed the algorithms, and in a first validation we have demonstrated proof of principles that elastometry can distinguish malignant PNs from surrounding lung tissue (a manuscript is in preparation). While this is certainly obvious, this validation has nevertheless verified the proper functioning of the algorithms. The validation in animal models and the retrospective analysis of the human data is ongoing.

关键词：肺癌；图像处理；医疗检查

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The research covered under this award is designed to further study our original finding that the epigenetic drug 5-azacytidine increases the responsiveness of prostate cancer cells and xenografts to radiation therapy by impairment of DNA double strand bre.

关键词：药物；前列腺癌；雄激素；医药

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关键词：蝙蝠；核糖核酸（RNA）;遗传学；生物标志物

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The chapter describes research of biomedical applications of experimental polymer devices prepared from polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) with different chemical structure in the Institute of Biophysics SB RAS and Siberian Federal University (Krasnoyarsk, Russia) between 2000 and 2012. The high-purity PHA specimens were investigated and then used to prepare surgical sutures, 2D and 3D dense and porous matrices, microparticles, monofilament fibers, fully resorbable tubular stents, and polymer coatings. The polymer devices that differed in their shape and mass were introduced into muscles, bones, blood vessels, and internal organs in order to investigate the response of tissues with different structure to the implants. The studies showed that PHAs were highly biocompatible with different tissues and their implantation for extended periods of time did not induce adverse responses of the blood system, cells, tissues, or the entire organism. The authors proved that PHAs can be effectively used as prosthetic implants, suture material, bone-replacing implants, and matrices for drug delivery.

关键词：PHA；生物医学研究；手术缝合线

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My experiments indicate that Serum and Glucocorticoid regulated Kinase (SGK) proteins facilitate breast cancer invasive migration, a critical step for ultimate cancer metastasis to other organs.

关键词：血清；乳腺癌；蛋白质；肾上腺皮质激素细胞

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The secreted proteins of the enterohemorrhagic and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EHEC and EPEC) are the most common cause of hemorrhagic colitis, which is a bloody diarrhea with EHEC infection that can often lead to lifethreatening hemolytic-uremic syndrome. We are employing a metaproteomic approach as an effective and complementary technique to the current genomic- based approaches. This metaproteomic approach will evaluate the secreted proteins associated with pathogenicity and utilize their signatures as differentiation biomarkers between EHEC and EPEC strains. Analysis of extract from EHEC O104:H4 resulted in the identification of a multidrug efflux protein that belongs to the family of fusion proteins, which are responsible for cell transportation. The experimental peptides identified lie in the region of the HlyD hemolysin secretion protein-D, which is responsible for transporting the hemolysin A toxin. Moreover, the taxonomic classification of EHEC O104:H4 showed the closest match with E. coli E55989, which is in agreement with genomic-sequencing studies that were done extensively on the aforementioned strain. Comparative proteomic calculations showed separation between EHEC O157:H7 and O104:H4 in replicate samples using cluster analysis. There were no reported studies that addressed the characterization of secreted proteins in various enhanced-growth media and utilized them as biomarkers for strain differentiation.

关键词：肠病；大肠杆菌；发病机制；分泌

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The analysis of medical images plays an increasingly important role in many clinical applications. Different imaging modalities often provide complementary anatomical information about the underlying tissues such as the X-ray attenuation coefficients from X-ray computed tomography (CT), and proton density or proton relaxation times from magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. The images allow clinicians to gather information about the size, shape and spatial relationship between anatomical structures and any pathology, if present. Other imaging modalities provide functional information such as the blood flow or glucose metabolism from positron emission tomography (PET) or single-photon emission tomography (SPECT), and permit clinicians to study the relationship between anatomy and physiology. Finally, histological images provide another important source of information which depicts structures at a microscopic level of resolution.

关键词：医学图像；临床应用；断层扫描

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The development of microarray technology has revolutionized molecular biology and biomedical research. The integration of information from microarray experiments using genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics has helped us to develop a real-time understanding of complex biological processes. The availability of exceptionally efficient platforms and methods for high-throughput and robust approaches at a competitive cost has allowed scientists to probe cellular events efficiently and in a manner that is unbiased with regard to the initial state of knowledge. One advantage of this genomic approach is the possibility to detect and compare any transcript of an organism in a comprehensive way, and hence to identify any malfunction, change, or perturbation of the genome. Similarly, the availability of faster and reliable technology for data analysis and processing will eliminate some of the problems and pitfalls associated with current microarray methodologies.

关键词：芯片技术；生物医学；分子生物学

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The main objective of this application is to determine whether D- cycloserine (DCS) can enhance the efficacy of social skills training (SST) in the treatment of children and young adolescents with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs).

关键词：精神障碍；社会心理；惊厥性疾病

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Materials capable of responding to external stimuli including pH, temperature, magnetic and electric field, undergoing conformational changes are considered to be one of the most exciting and emerging classes of advanced materials receiving considerable scientific interest especially in the biomedical field. Stimuli-responsive polymers in the form of micro- or nanofibers have received great attention during the last 10 years and have been exploited in a diverse range of biomedical applications such as drug delivery, tissue engineering, bioseparation and biosensing. One of the most popular and versatile fiber fabrication methods used for the production of fibers is electrospinning. Its simplicity, cost-effectiveness and applicability not only to pristine synthetic and natural polymers but also to composites, enables the development of polymer-based fibrous nanocomposites via the combination of polymers with inorganic nanofillers. Among such nanoadditives, magnetic nanoparticles capable of interacting with an externally applied magnetic field, are particularly attractive owing to their potential biomedical applications including magnetically-triggered drug delivery, magnetic cell seeding, magnetic bioseparation, hypothermia cancer treatment and contrast enhancement in magnetic resonance imaging. In this chapter, an introductory section on electrospinning and on different parameters influencing this process is initially provided. The different fabrication routes for generating electrospun magnetoactive polymer-based (nano)fibrous materials are briefly discussed and finally the applicability of these materials in the biomedical field including tissue engineering, drug delivery, hypethermia treatment and biosensing is reviewed.

关键词：静电磁；复合材料；生物医学

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