Various CNS stimulants, such as lisdexamfetamine, methamphetamine, amphetamine, and armodafinil, are used to treat CNS disorders and their symptoms. These stimulants act by increasing the dopamine level in the brain, which increases blood pressure and heart rate.

Chronic disease management refers to the use of tools and software to manage the symptoms of long-term illnesses and improve monitoring chronic conditions, ensuring the well-being and safety of individuals.

Patient portals are online applications that allow communication of patients with their healthcare providers. Patient portals enable patients to access their health records 24x7, thereby empowering patients to manage their own health. Some patient portals are independent websites, which are integrated into existing hospital software while others are modules of existing electronic health records (EHRs) or electronic medical records (EMRs).

Pet care products include a wide range of products that are a necessity for pets. Pet keepers purchase pet care products online and through offline distribution channels.

Parenteral nutrition (PN) is a medical method of delivering essential nutrients including proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals, and trace elements directly into the bloodstream through an intravenous (IV) catheter. It is used for patients of all ages, from infants to adults, who cannot eat or absorb adequate nutrients through regular or tube feeding. This sterile liquid formula helps maintain proper nutritional status by bypassing the digestive system entirely, ensuring patients receive the vital nutrients they need to support health and recovery.

Physiotherapy is a non-surgical treatment method where the treatment for impairments such as injury, deformity, and recovery from surgery is done through physical medicine and therapies, such as heat therapy, cryotherapy, hydrotherapy, and therapeutic exercise.

Pharmaceutical wholesale and distribution is defined as the management of the physical flow of pharmaceutical supplies from the manufacturing point to the point of use. The global pharmaceuticals wholesale and distribution market involves the storage, handling, and transportation of pharmaceutical products to meet the global pharmaceutical demand. As some pharmaceutical products are temperature￾sensitive, cold storage is required throughout the supply chain to maintain the quality of products.

Pharmaceutical warehousing involves the physical movement of medicinal stock in and out of a medical store warehousing facility. It ensures the constant flow and availability of essential quality healthcare commodities in a timely and cost-efficient manner and in appropriate quantities through the supply chain system. Functioning of pharmaceutical warehousing includes receiving and storing stock, inventory management, distribution management of medicines, and medical equipment and vaccines stored at ambient temperature.

Pharmaceutical R&D outsourcing involves delegating various research and development activities such as drug discovery, clinical trials, regulatory compliance, and manufacturing to external organizations like Contract Research Organizations (CROs) and Contract Manufacturing Organizations (CMOs). This approach enables pharmaceutical companies to optimize costs, leverage specialized expertise, and enhance scalability and efficiency while focusing on core competencies. By outsourcing complex and resource-intensive tasks, companies can accelerate drug development timelines, ensure compliance with regulatory standards, and access cutting￾edge technologies, ultimately improving their ability to bring innovative treatments to market more rapidly.

Patient engagement technology is any tool or platform enabling patients to participate actively in their healthcare. This technology helps patients communicate with their healthcare providers, access and manage their health information, and participate in treatments and care plans. Patient engagement technology can include patient portals, telehealth systems, mobile health apps, wearable devices, and other digital tools that empower patients to take charge of their health and well-being. Patients can more easily and effectively manage their health using patient engagement technology, while healthcare providers benefit from improved patient outcomes and greater efficiency.