Recent studies of missions to the Moon, Mars and Near Earth Asteroids (NEA) indicate that these missions often involve several distinct separately launched vehicles that must ultimately be integrated together in-flight and operate as one unit. Therefore, it is important to see these vehicles as elements of a larger segmented spacecraft rather than separate spacecraft flying in formation. The evolution of large multi-vehicle exploration architecture creates the need (and opportunity) to establish a global power architecture that is common across all vehicles. The Advanced Exploration Systems (AES) Modular Power System (AMPS) project managed by NASA Glenn Research Center (GRC) is aimed at establishing the modular power system architecture that will enable power systems to be built from a common set of modular building blocks. The project is developing, demonstrating and evaluating key modular power technologies that are expected to minimize non-recurring development costs, reduce recurring integration costs, as well as, mission operational and support costs. Further, modular power is expected to enhance mission flexibility, vehicle reliability, scalability and overall mission supportability. The AMPS project not only supports multi-vehicle architectures but should enable multi-mission capability as well. The AMPS technology development involves near term demonstrations involving developmental prototype vehicles and field demonstrations. These operational demonstrations not only serve as a means of evaluating modular technology but also provide feedback to developers that assure that they progress toward truly flexible and operationally supportable modular power architecture.

关键词：航空航天系统；降低成本；灵活性；编队飞行

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NASA's rigorous certification process is being followed for the R2 high voltage battery program for use of R2 on International Space Station (ISS). Rigorous development testing at appropriate levels to credible off-nominal conditions and review of test data led to design improvements for safety at the virtual cell, cartridge and battery levels. Tests were carried out at all levels to confirm that both hardware and software controls work. Stringent flight acceptance testing of the flight battery will be completed before launch for mission use on ISS.

关键词：电动工具；氢气燃料电池；寿命周期成本

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Many sources of fuel are present aboard current spacecraft, with one especially hazardous source of stored energy: lithium ion batteries. Lithium ion batteries are a very hazardous form of fuel due to their self-sustaining combustion once ignited, for example, by an external heat source. Batteries can become extremely energetic fire sources due to their high density electrochemical energy content that may, under duress, be violently converted to thermal energy and fire in the form of a thermal runaway. Currently, lithium ion batteries are the preferred types of batteries aboard international spacecraft and therefore are routinely installed, collectively forming a potentially devastating fire threat to a spacecraft and its crew. Currently NASA is developing a fine water mist portable fire extinguisher for future use on international spacecraft. As its development ensues, a need for the standard evaluation of various types of fire extinguishers against this potential threat is required to provide an unbiased means of comparing between fire extinguisher technologies and ranking them based on performance.

关键词：锂离子电池；能量存储；手提灭火器

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A thermal energy storage system capable of receiving, absorbing, and collecting solar energy, and storing it within a phase change material, has been designed as part of a power and propulsion system for use in low Earth orbit. The design includes thermophotovoltaic cells for the conversion of stored heat to electrical energy for various satellite systems, as well as a heat exchanger imbedded in the phase change material for propellant heating during thrust maneuvers. Through computational analysis, the likely thrust was evaluated as well as the impact of the propellant flow on the thermal to electric conversion. For the scenario analyzed, a propellant exit temperature of 1500 K, translating to an Isp of 300 seconds, was achieved. Passing the propellant through the phase change material decreases the temperature of the emitter used to power the thermophotovoltaics and resulted in a 20% decrease in electric power output.

关键词：人工卫星；冷气体；地球轨道；电力；储能

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The overall objective of this project was to develop and fabricate a multifunctional cathode with high activities in acidic electrolytes for the oxygen reduction and evolution reactions for Li-air batteries. It should enable the development of Li-air batteries that operate on hybrid electrolytes, with acidic catholytes in particular. The use of hybrid electrolytes eliminates the problems of lithium reaction with water and of lithium oxide deposition in the cathode with sole organic electrolytes. The use of acid electrolytes can eliminate carbonate formation inside the cathode, making air breathing Li-air batteries viable. The tasks of the project were focused on developing hierarchical cathode structures and bifunctional catalysts. Development and testing of a prototype hybrid Li-air battery were also conducted. We succeeded in developing a hierarchical cathode structure and an effective bifunctional catalyst. We accomplished integrating the cathode with existing anode technologies and made a pouch prototype Li-air battery using sulfuric acid as catholyte. The battery cathodes contain a nanoscale multilayer structure made with carbon nanotubes and nanofibers. The structure was demonstrated to improve battery performance substantially. The bifunctional catalyst developed contains a conductive oxide support with ultra-low loading of platinum and iridium oxides. The work performed in this project has been documented in seven peer reviewed journal publications, five conference presentations, and filing of two U.S. patents.

关键词：蓄电池；化学反应；电池阴极

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The use of solar energy for mobile field operations, high altitude long endurance airships, light airship vehicles and its deployment on large scales all require its storage. Most current methods of solar storage are characterized by low energy densities; these methods therefore present formidable challenges for the implementation of solar energy in the field, on airship vehicles and on the large scale since significant weight accompanies energy storage. Conversely, fuels have energy densities that are 100 to 1000 greater than most conventional storage media, including batteries. Accordingly, fuels provide an attractive option for lightweight, mobile and large scale energy storage. An especially enticing fuel forming reaction is water splitting since hydrogen is the highest energy density chemical fuel. The use of solar light to split water to produce hydrogen and oxygen is the focus of this proposal. This AFOSR program has sought to discover new water-splitting catalysts that are inexpensive, efficient, highly manufacturable and operate under benign conditions so that discovery from this program may be implemented with simple engineering.

关键词：燃料电池；能量密度；能量存储

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Hybrid electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, and battery electric vehicles offer the potential to reduce both oil imports and greenhouse gases, as well as to offer a financial benefit to the driver. However, assessing these potential benefits is complicated by several factors, including the driving habits of the operator. We focus on driver aggression, i.e., the level of acceleration and velocity characteristic of travel, to (1) assess its variation within large, real-world drive datasets, (2) quantify its effect on both vehicle efficiency and economics for multiple vehicle types, (3) compare these results to those of standard drive cycles commonly used in the industry, and (4) create a representative drive cycle for future analyses where standard drive cycles are lacking.

关键词：蓄电池；混合动力电动汽车；交通安全

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The objective of the study was to assess the impact of a Saflex S Series solar control PVB (polyvinyl butyral) windshield on conventional vehicle fuel economy and electric vehicle (EV) range.

关键词：太阳能电池；乙烯聚合物；玻璃；电动汽车

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In order to improve the efficiency of photovoltaic generation as well as the power quality,grid-connected inverters for PV generation research was carried out for photovoltaic maximum power point tracking.Based on some current studies on the incremental conductance method,an advanced incremental conductance control algorithm was proposed,which can track maximum power point rapidly and accurately.The oscillation phenomenon,which exists near the maximum power point,was improved at a great extent,so to the efficiency of photovoltaic cells generation electricity.The inverter control system has an advantage in its high speed and flexibility by applying advanced control algorithm.And the source harmonic current is remarkably reduced.In addition,the power factor is enhanced and the power quality is improved.Finally,according to the principle of inverter control system and based on the analysis on the mathematical model of photovoltaic inverter,a simulation model of that is established based on MATLAB/SIMULINK.

关键词：光伏发电；并网；逆变器；MPPT

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Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS) for fuel system integrity set limits for fuel spillage during and after crashes to reduce the occurrence of deaths and injuries from fire. FMVSS 301 and 303 respectively specify post-crash limits for liquid fuels and compressed natural gas (CNG). These limits have been used as a benchmark for setting leakage limits for hydrogen, based on energy equivalence, in industry standards and proposed or enacted international regulations. However the properties of hydrogen with regard to leak behavior and combustion are very different from those of liquid fuels or CNG. Gasoline will pool and dissipate slowly. CNG and hydrogen will rise and dissipate more rapidly. Hydrogen has a much wider range of flammability in air than most fuels, including CNG: 4% to 75% for hydrogen versus 5% to 15% for CNG. Therefore, a research program was developed and executed to assess the safety of the proposed allowable leak rate for hydrogen, through leak and ignition experiments in and around vehicles and vehicle compartment simulators.

关键词：代用燃料；燃烧；死亡；消防安全；可燃性

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