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报告分类:外文技术报告 所属行业:化学原料和化学制品制造业

  • 1.中国车用氢能产业碳核查思路与对策

    [化学原料和化学制品制造业,汽车制造业,科学研究和技术服务业,水利、环境和公共设施管理业] [2022-03-04]

    2021年“碳达峰、碳中和”成为市场热点。氢燃料电池车,能效高、排放低,将在碳排放方面具有相当的优势。本报告对碳排放相关管理制度体系的最新进展进行跟踪分析,在此背景下对新能源碳交易市场做出了展望。聚焦于车用氢能领域,目前该领域还处于行业发展阶段,相关技术处于持续优化与提升的过程中,行业的碳排放数据还在积累中。本报告对车用氢能的碳排放进行了技术分析,以期为相关人员提供参考。

    关键词:燃料电池,碳中和,碳达峰,核证自愿减排量
  • 2.作为高效燃料电池的不含金属的氧还原催化剂和氧石墨烯

    [化学原料和化学制品制造业,电力、热力、燃气及水生产和供应业] [2015-09-03]

    Oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is important in fuel cells. Although platinum nanoparticles can catalyse the ORR in an efficient way, the high cost of the platinum catalysts, together with its limited reserves in nature, has been shown to be the major 'showstopper' to mass market fuel cells for commercial applications. Following our earlier work on metal-free, nitrogen- doped carbon nanotubes (Gong, K.; Du, F.; Xia, Z.; Durstock, M.; Dai, L. Science 2009, 323, 760) and nitrogen-doped graphene sheets (Qu, L.; Liu, Y.; Baek, J.-B.; Dai, L. ACS Nano 2010, 4, 1321) as highly efficient ORR, we have developed in this project new metal-free and oxygen-free graphene materials by either edge-functionalization or ball milling as efficient electrocatalysts for ORR in fuel cells and other applications, including dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs).
    关键词:催化剂;燃料电池;石墨烯;纳米技术
  • 3.辐射诱导和原子转移自由基聚合相结合的方法制备新型聚合物电解质膜

    [电气机械和器材制造业,化学原料和化学制品制造业] [2015-09-02]

    The most vital components in polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells are PEM materials. In the case of Nafion (DuPont Co.), the most widely used PEMs, the proton conductivity markedly decreases at high temperature ( > 80 ℃) and low relative humidity (RH) ( < 30%). This drawback limits the use of Nafion in practical and commercial applications. Our research group is developing the Nafion-alternative PEMs by using a radiation-induced grafting method1'. In these PEMs, the graft chain structures should significantly affect the proton conduction properties. Then, in this study, by combination of radiation grafting and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), we designed the novel PEMs possessing both the hydrophobic and hydrophilic graft chains.
    关键词:燃料电池;辐射诱导;电解质膜
  • 4.氧化能力,酸度,碱度的极端条件

    [化学原料和化学制品制造业] [2015-09-02]

    Professor Michl and collaborators prepared several icosahedral monocarba-closo-dodecaborate anions carrying halogen and trifluoromethyl substituents and investigated their oxidation by chemical and electrochemical means and by quantum chemical calculations. These anions are of interest for fuel cell and high-voltage battery applications, because they are unusually weakly nucleophilic and extremely difficult to oxidize, with reversible redox potentials calculated up to 5 V above ferrocene/ferricenium. In liquid sulfur dioxide, the standard solvent for electrochemical oxidation at highly positive potentials, all oxidations were irreversible. In 1,1,1,3,3,3- hexafluoroisopropan-2-ol, the undecafluorinated anion is oxidized reversibly at 2.43 V above ferrocene/ferricenium (calculated 2.40 V) but the radical is too unstable for isolation. Other undecahalogenated anions are oxidized irreversibly. A promising new solvent that dissolves supporting electrolytes and resists oxidation is 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluorobutane. In two cases, the oxidized neutral radicals were sufficiently stable in perfluorohexane solution for spectroscopic characterization, but only up to -40 degrees C. At temperatures closer to ambient, this solvent was oxidized.
    关键词:氟化;碘化;氧化;盐;酸;阴离子
  • 5.使用纤维素和生物油进行酯交换和甲醇合成的耦合过程的可行性研究—最终报告(20100701-20101231)

    [化学原料和化学制品制造业,电气机械和器材制造业] [2015-09-02]

    Petroleum-based liquid hydrocarbons is exclusively major energy source in the transportation sector. Thus, it is the major CO(sub 2) source which is the associated with greenhouse effect. In the United States alone, petroleum consumption in the transportation sector approaches 13.8 million barrels per day (Mbbl/d). It is corresponding to a release of 0.53 gigatons of carbon per year (GtC/yr), which accounts for approximate 7.6 % of the current global release of CO(sub 2) from all of the fossil fuel usage (7 GtC/yr). For the long term, the conventional petroleum production is predicted to peak in as little as the next 10 years to as high as the next 50 years. Negative environmental consequences, the frequently roaring petroleum prices, increasing petroleum utilization and concerns about competitive supplies of petroleum have driven dramatic interest in producing alternative transportation fuels, such as electricity-based, hydrogen-based and bio-based transportation alternative fuels. Use of either of electricity-based or hydrogen-based alternative energy in the transportation sector is currently laden with technical and economical challenges. The current energy density of commercial batteries is 175 Wh/kg of battery. At a storage pressure of 680 atm, the lower heating value (LHV) of H(sub 2) is 1.32 kWh/liter.
    关键词:电池;温室效应;碳氢化合物;可再生能源
  • 6.平面固态氧化物燃料电池的研究和开发

    [化学原料和化学制品制造业,电气机械和器材制造业] [2015-09-02]

    Numerical simulation capabilities to perform flowfield analysis and sensitivity analysis of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) have been developed. A three-dimensional, implicit, multi-species fuel cell solver is modified to analyze cell geometries supplied by NexTech Materials (NexTech). Four different NexTech cell configurations of varying complexities have been analyzed in this study. A capability to perform thermo-mechanical analysis of NexTech cells is developed by coupling the fuel cell code with the structures code. The capability was initially developed for a simplified cell that also included sensitivity analysis of thermo-mechanical variables. Sensitivity derivatives are computed using the direct differentiation method in the fuel cell and structures codes.
    关键词:燃料电池;氧化物;平面结构
  • 7.聚醚醚酮(PEEK)的移植聚合物电解质膜类型:燃料电池应用的相对湿度依赖

    [电气机械和器材制造业,化学原料和化学制品制造业] [2015-09-02]

    A pre-irradiation grafting method is a fascinating technique for direct introduction of new functional graft polymers (grafts) into polymer substrates without any damages. The radiation technique has been widely applied to the preparation of high performance fuel cell polymer electrolyte membranes (PEMs) for mobile electricities, vehicles, and domestic co-generation systems. The PEMs of aromatic hydrocarbon polymers, so-called "super engineering plastics" including poly (ether ether ketone) (PEEK), have useful characteristics such as high mechanical strength, gas barrier property, and radiation resistance. Thus, in this work, we investigated the humidity dependence of proton conductivity and mechanical strength at 80 ℃ and relative humidity (RH) from 30 to 95%, which are the most important characteristics for power generation efficiency and durability under real operating conditions in fuel cell systems.
    关键词:燃料电池;电解质材料;聚合物
  • 8.安装在室外机柜的氢系统的安全性—氢气安全专家组

    [电气机械和器材制造业,化学原料和化学制品制造业] [2015-09-02]

    The Hydrogen Safety Panel brings a broad cross-section of expertise from the industrial, government, and academic sectors to help advise the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Fuel Cell Technologies Office through its work in hydrogen safety, codes, and standards. The Panels initiatives in reviewing safety plans, conducting safety evaluations, identifying safety-related technical data gaps, and supporting safety knowledge tools and databases cover the gamut from research and development to demonstration and deployment. The Panels recent work has focused on the safe deployment of hydrogen and fuel cell systems in support of DOE efforts to accelerate fuel cell commercialization in early market applications: vehicle refueling, material handling equipment, backup power for warehouses and telecommunication sites, and portable power devices. This paper resulted from observations and considerations stemming from the Panels work on early market applications. This paper focuses on hydrogen system components that are installed in outdoor enclosures. These enclosures might alternatively be called cabinets, but for simplicity, they are all referred to as enclosures in this paper. These enclosures can provide a space where a flammable mixture of hydrogen and air might accumulate, creating the potential for a fire or explosion should an ignition occur. If the enclosure is large enough for a person to enter, and ventilation is inadequate, the hydrogen concentration could be high enough to asphyxiate a person who entered the space. Manufacturers, users, and government authorities rely on requirements described in codes to guide safe design and installation of such systems. Except for small enclosures used for hydrogen gas cylinders (gas cabinets), fuel cell power systems, and the enclosures that most people would describe as buildings, there are no hydrogen safety requirements for these enclosures, leaving gaps that must be addressed.
    关键词:氢;安全;横截面;部署;电子器件
  • 9.聚电解质:科学和应用

    [电力、热力、燃气及水生产和供应业,化学原料和化学制品制造业] [2015-09-02]

    Polyelectrolytes, which are a macromolecule dissolved in water or polar solvent, have gained a wide attention among scientists and engineers for their wide application areas. Their different properties have allowed them to be used in many areas such as soap, body lotions, electrochromic devices, solid-state reference electrode systems, fuel cell exchange membranes, water treatment, waste treatment, paper production, corrosion protection, fuel cells, electrodialysis, contact lenses, membrane-based separations, drug delivery, and genetic science. Biocompatible polyelectrolytes are also utilized in biosensors and biomolecular recognition systems. Layer-by-layer (LbL) technique can be used to produce polyelectrolyte multilayer. Severe substrate such as gold, quartz, silicon, glass, plastic, stainless steel can be used in LbL technique. LbL technique is reproducible, cost-effective, and environmentally-friendly method. The characteristic properties of polyelectrolyte depend on the interaction between electrostatic forces. The degree of polymer charge can modify the electrostatic interactions. We examine the scaling theory according to Gennes et al. and Beurle and Nogovitsin in this chapter. After having discussed the scaling theory, we provide a basic introduction to properties of the neutron scattering and dynamic light scattering. In the end, we analyzed biopolymers and ionomers briefly. Polyelectrolytes (PEs) are generally denned as macromolecules, which when dissolved in water, dissociate to give highly charged polymeric molecules. As another definition, polyelectrolytes are polymers carrying either positively or negatively charged ionizable groups. These groups dissociate under appropriate conditions, and leaving ions on the chain and counter ions in the solution Examples of polyelectrolytes include polystyrene sulfonate, polyacrylic and polymethacrylic acids and their salts. DNA, proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccha-rides and other poly acids are given example to the natural polyelectrolytes. Polyelectrolytes are well known to play a vital role in nature and technology. PEs finds widespread use as solubilizing agents, phase separation agents, and rheo-logical property modifiers in daily life and technological applications. However, despite of their fundamental and practice importance, PEs systems still remain only poorly understood. This relates to the fact that their chemistry and physics are influenced by many controlling parameters, such as molecular weight, salt concentration, pH of the solution, etc.
    关键词:电池磁极;聚电解质;化学反应
  • 10.碱性阴离子交换膜的碳酸盐、碳酸氢盐离子运输

    [化学原料和化学制品制造业] [2015-09-02]

    The public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggesstions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington VA, 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any oenalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number.
    关键词:碱性阴离子交换膜;阴离子交换;燃料电池系统
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