The overall goal of this project is to conduct fundamental studies on advanced ceramic materials and fiber optic devices for developing new types of high temperature (＞500(degree)C) fiber optic chemical sensors (FOCS) for monitoring fossil (mainly coal) and biomass derived gases in power plants.This report summarizes research works of two integrated parts: (1) development of metal oxide solid thin films as sensing materials for detection and measurement of important gas components relevant to the coal- and biomass-derived syngas and combustion gas streams at high temperatures; and (2) development of fiber optic devices that are potentially useful for constructing FOCS in combination with the solid oxide thin films identified in this program.

关键词：生物质能；陶瓷；光纤；薄膜；光传感器；化学传感器；发电站

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This is Volume 4 of the Renewable Electricity Futures Study: Exploration of High-Penetration Renewable Electricity Futures. The Renewable Electricity Futures Study (RE Futures), is an initial investigation of the extent to which renewable energy supply can meet the electricity demands of the continental United States over the next several decades. This study explores the implications and challenges of very high renewable electricity generation levels - from 30up to 90, focusing on 80, of all U.S. electricity generation from renewable technologies - in 2050. The study explores electricity grid integration using models with unprecedented geographic and time resolution for the contiguous United States to assess whether the U.S. power system can supply electricity to meet customer demand on an hourly basis with high levels of renewable electricity, including variable wind and solar generation.

关键词：生物质能；可再生能源；电网；电网整合；期货

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 During the course of this work and immediately prior to commencing, we discovered that glycerol, a major by-product of the conventional transesterification reaction for biofuels, is not formed but rather three methoxylated glycerol derivatives are produced. These derivatives are high-value specialty green chemicals that strongly upgrade the economics of the process, rendering this approach as one that now values the biofuel only as a by-product, the main value products being the methoxylated glycerols. A horizontal agitated thin-film evaporator (one square foot heat transfer area) proved effective as the primary reactor facilitating the reaction and vaporization of the products, and subsequent discharge of the spent algae solids that are suitable for supplementing petrochemical-based fertilizers for agriculture.

关键词：生物质能；藻类；替代能源；甘油；生物柴油

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This thesis presents the results of an experimental study of the combustion characteristics of algae and camelina derived biofuels as well as the effects of Transient Plasma Ignition in a Compression-Ignition Engine. Testing was conducted for Hydrotreated Renewable Diesel, algae, and benchmarked against F-76 and Diesel No. 2 fuels as well as Hydrotreated Renewable Jet, camelina, benchmarked against JP-5 across a matrix of constant engine speeds and engine loads in a Detroit Diesel 3-53 legacy engine. A heat release rate analysis and a cycle analysis were performed at each matrix point. The algae and camelina fuels averaged 1.4 Crank Angle Degrees earlier ignition, 2 Crank Angle Degrees longer burn duration, 2.25 atmospheres decrease in Peak Pressure, 1.4 Crank Angle Degrees delay in Angle of Peak Pressure, 0.5increase in Indicated Mean Effective Pressure, and 6decrease in Break Specific Fuel Consumption than their petroleum counterpart. A comparison between Diesel No. 2 at idle was performed between Transient Plasma Ignition Assisted Compression-Ignition and conventional Compression-Ignition.

关键词：生物质能；等离子体；植物油；氢化植物油；石油燃料；发动机

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To improve bioreactor design in these areas, we have demonstrated a technique linking advanced cell immobilization to hollow fiber membrane bioreactor. Porous silica immobilization of cells (biosilification) is a biocompatible, optically transparent encapsulation method used for high quality thin film deposition. Results indicate that encapsulated membrane-bound cells within biofilms are viable, retain their morphology, are metabolically active, and are physically trapped following biosilification. The resultant thin silica membrane is evenly distributed over the biofilm surface, reducing molecular diffusion limitations, and reinforcing the matrix.

关键词：生物质能；水回收；生物膜；二氧化硅；二氧化硅薄膜；化学反应器

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关键词：生物质能；生物碳；催化热解；蒸汽气化；氢

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The objective of the proposed research is the demonstration and development of a novel biomass pyrolysis technology for the production of a stable bio-oil. The approach is to carry out catalytic hydrodeodgenation(HDO) and upgrading together with pyrolysis in a single fluidized bed reactor with a unique two-level design that permits the physical separation of the two processes. The hydrogen required for the HDO will be generated in the catalytic section by the water-gas shift reaction employing recycled CO produced from the pyrolysis reaction itself. Thus, the use of a reactive recycle stream is another innovation in this technology. The catalysts will be designed in collaboration with BASF Catalysts LLC (formerly Engelhard Corporation), a leader in the manufacture of attrition-resistant cracking catalysts. The proposed work will include reactor modeling with state-of-the-art computational fluid dynamics in a supercomputer, and advanced kinetic analysis for optimization of bio-oil production.

关键词：生物质能；生物燃料；高温分解；催化作用

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A comprehensive process model is developed for high temperature air-steam biomass gasification in a downdraft gasifier using the ASPEN PLUS simulator.The simulation results are compared with the experimental data obtained through pilot scale downdraft gasifier.In this study,the model is used to investigate the effects of gasifying agent preheating,equivalence ratio (ER),and steam/biomass (S/B) on producer gas composition,high heating value (HHV),and cold gas efficiency (CGE).Results indicate that H2 and CO contents have increased when gasifying agent preheating is used,while gasifying agent preheating has no effect with H2 and CO at high ER.At high level of S/B,the concentrations of H2 and CO are related with water-gas shift reaction in significant.HHV and CGE depend on the concentrations of H2 and CO in producer gas,which can increase by preheated gasifying agent.However,gasifying agent preheating should apply with waste heat from the process because there is no additional cost of energy price.

关键词：生物质能；下吸式气化炉；Aspen Plus；高温空气气化

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本刊以七大战略性新兴产业——节能环保、新一代信息技术、生物、高端装备制造、新能源、新材料、新能源汽车为研究重点，关注国家高层和各部委的动态，剖析国家和地方的新兴产业政策。本刊设有政策导读、领导讲话、七大战略性新兴产业本周国内外行业动态和重点企业新闻、投资专题四大板块，能够实时监测新兴产业和重点企业动态，把握新兴产业发展方向，研究发展重点，寻求发展机遇。

关键词：节能环保；新一代信息技术；生物；高端装备制造；新能源；新材料；新能源汽车

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在经历了上年的快速发展后，1～2月新能源行业进入调整期：风电新增装机较上年同期提高18万千瓦，但行业投资额和设备利用小时较上年出现下降；核电发电量实现稳步增长，但设备利用小时有所下滑；上年装机迅猛增长透支了部分市场空间，太阳能发电新增装机有所下降。虽然前两个月新能源行业发展有所放缓，但这是行业经历上年快速增长后的调整阶段，并不会改变行业未来稳步发展的总体趋势。预计2014年1季度，新能源行业发展将以调整为主，其中风电和太阳能发电新增装机将继续保持增长态势。

关键词：新能源；风电；核电；发电量；装机

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