The work addressed the greenhouse gas emission and electrical energy consumption of the aluminum industry. The objective was to provide a means for reducing both through the application of wireless instrumentation, coupled to mathematical modeling. Worldwide the aluminum industry consumes more electrical energy than all activities in many major countries (e.g. the UK) and emits more greenhouse gasses (e.g. than France). Most of these excesses are in the 'primary production' of aluminum; that is the conversion of aluminum oxide to metal in large electrolytic cells operating at hundreds of thousands of amps. An industry-specific GHG emission has been the focus of the work. The electrolytic cells periodically, but at irregular intervals, experience an upset condition known as an 'anode effect'. During such anode effects the cells emit fluorinated hydrocarbons (PFCs, which have a high global warming potential) at a rate far greater than in normal operation. Therefore curbing anode effects will reduce GHG emissions. Prior work had indicated that the distribution of electrical current within the cell experiences significant shifts in the minutes before an anode effect. The thrust of the present work was to develop technology that could detect and report this early warning of an anode effect so that the control computer could minimize GHG emissions. A system was developed to achieve this goal and, in collaboration with Alcoa, was tested on two cells at an Alcoa plant in Malaga, Washington. The project has also pointed to the possibility of additional improvements that could result from the work. Notable among these is an improvement in efficiency that could result in an increase in cell output at little extra operating cost. Prospects for commercialization have emerged in the form of purchase orders for further installations. The work has demonstrated that a system for monitoring the current of individual anodes in an aluminum cell is practical. Furthermore the system has been installed twice on a smelter in the US without exposing workers to hazards usually associated with running signal wires in aluminum plants. The results display the early warning of an anode effect that potentially can be used to minimize such anode effects with their excessive GHG emissions. They also point to a possible, but substantial, economic benefit that could result in improved current efficiency by anode adjustment based on individual anode current measurements.

关键词：新能源与高效节能；能源效率；能源消耗；数学建模

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In 2009, Nevada received nearly $40 million in Neighborhood Stabilization Program funds from the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. The purpose of this funding was to stabilize communities that have suffered from foreclosures and abandonment. In an effort to provide guidance to local officials and maximize how effectively this Neighborhood Stabilization Program funding is used in retrofitting homes, the Consortium for Advanced Residential Buildings (CARB) provided design specifications, energy modeling, and technical support for the Building America Retrofit Alliance (BARA) team and its local partners--Better Building Performance, Nevada ENERGY STAR Partners Green Alliance, and Home Free Nevada--for two retrofit test homes. One home was to demonstrate a modest retrofit and the other a deep energy retrofit. The Carmen and Sierra Hills homes demonstrate how cost effectively energy-efficient upgrades can be implemented in the hot, dry Southwest climate. The homes were used as an educational experience for home performance professionals, building trades, remodelers, and the public. In-field trainings on air sealing, HVAC upgrades, and insulating were provided to local contractors during the retrofit. BARA documented these retrofits through a series of video presentations, beginning with a site survey and concluding with the finished remodel and test out.

关键词：新能源与高效节能；能源效率；能源车型；HVAC系统

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Increasing power consumption of IT infrastructures, growing electricity prices, and ecological awareness are major reasons for a change towards green IT. At the same time, the demand for steadily increasing computational performance remains unbroken. However, optimizing IT equipment in regard to energy saving frequently becomes a trade-off between the energy optimization and the system performance. This chapter defines relevant terminology regarding IT energy efficiency and presents an overview of IT components causing energy consumption. Additionally, it provides a summary and categorization of existing energy saving techniques and energy efficiency metrics as well as an analysis of the impact of energy saving measures on performance. By comparing different energy efficiency metrics, we see that there is no uniform unit to quantify IT energy efficiency. We show that the application of energy saving methods has to be carefully chosen for individual services, as possible energy savings and impairment of performance differ significantly between different energy saving methods.

关键词：新能源与高效节能；能源效率；电力设备；能源优化

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Since 2007, PNNL has conducted Energy Efficiency Expert Evaluations (E4) field training and facility assessments in the Heartland Region (GSA Region 6) buildings to identify low-cost/no-cost opportunities that have the potential to reduce building energy use by up to 10 percent. Based on a follow-up study and feedback from operation and maintenance (O&M) staff, it was recognized that only 50 percent of the recommended measures were implemented and the lack of control systems expertise was often found to be a major challenge in following up on the E4 recommendations. Hence the region undertook a new initiative in 2011 to perform targeted E4 field audits to identify and train O&M staff to implement control system measures to realize the energy savings.

关键词：新能源与高效节能；能源效率；节约能源；能源消耗

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Since 2007, PNNL has conducted Energy Efficiency Expert Evaluations (E4) field training and facility assessment in the Heartland Region (GSA Region 6) buildings to identify low-cost/no-cost opportunities that have the potential to reduce building energy use by up to 10 percent. Based on a follow-up study and feedback from operation and maintenance (O&M) staff, it was recognized that only 50 percent of the recommended measures were implemented and the lack of control systems expertise was often found to be a major challenge in following up on the E4 recommendations. Hence the region undertook a new initiative in 2011 to perform targeted E4 field audits to identify and assist O&M staff implement control system measures to realize the energy savings.

关键词：新能源与高效节能；能源效率；节约能源；能源消耗

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The Texas Panhandle is regarded as the Cattle Feeding Capital of the World, producing 42of the fed beef cattle in the United States within a 200-mile radius of Amarillo generating more than 5 million tons of feedlot manure /year. Apart from feedlots, the Bosque River Region in Erath County, just north of Waco, Texas with about 110,000 dairy cattle in over 250 dairies, produces 1.8 million tons of manure biomass (excreted plus bedding) per year. While the feedlot manure has been used extensively for irrigated and dry land crop production, most dairies, as well as other concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs), the dairy farms utilize large lagoon areas to store wet animal biomass. Water runoff from these lagoons has been held responsible for the increased concentration of phosphorus and other contaminates in the Bosque River which drains into Lake Wacothe primary source of potable water for Wacos 108,500 people. The concentrated animal feeding operations may lead to land, water, and air pollution if waste handling systems and storage and treatment structures are not properly managed. Manure-based biomass (MBB) has the potential to be a source of green energy at large coal-fired power plants and on smaller-scale combustion systems at or near confined animal feeding operations. Although MBB particularly cattle biomass (CB) is a low quality fuel with an inferior heat value compared to coal and other fossil fuels, the concentration of it at large animal feeding operations can make it a viable source of fuel. The overall objective of this interdisciplinary proposal is to develop environmentally benign technologies to convert low-value inventories of dairy and beef cattle biomass into renewable energy. Current research expands the suite of technologies by which cattle biomass (CB: manure, and premature mortalities) could serve as a renewable alternative to fossil fuel.

关键词：新能源与高效节能；生物质能；可再生能源；热转换

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Hackensack University Medical Center's major initiative to create a cleaner ealthier and safer environment for patients, employees and the community served by the medical center is built on its commitment to protect the environment and conserve precious energy resources. Since 2004 the Medical Center launched a long term campaign to temper the negative environmental impact of proposed and existing new construction at the medical center and to improve campus wide overall energy efficiency. The plan was to begin by implementing a number of innovative and eco-friendly enhancements to the Gabrellian Women's and Children's Pavilion, in construction at the time, which would lead to Certification by the US Green Building Councils Leadership & Environmental Design (LEED) program. In addition the medical center would evaluate the feasibility of implementing a photovoltaic system in the new construction (in development and planned) to provide clean pollution free electricity. The steps taken to achieve this included conducting a feasibility study complete with architectural and engineering assessments to determine the potential for implementation of a photovoltaic system on the campus and also to conduct an energy survey that would focus on determining specific opportunities and upgrades that would lead to a healthier energy efficient interior environment at the medical center. The studies conducted by the medical center to determine the viability of installing a photovoltaic system identified two key issues that factored into leaderships decision not to implement the solar powered system. These factors were related to the advanced phase of construction of the women's and children's pavilion and the financial considerations to redesign and implement in the ambulatory cancer center. The medical center, in spite of their inability to proceed with the solar aspect of the project upheld their commitment to create a healthier environment for the patients and the community.

关键词：新能源与高效节能；能源效率；光伏电源；环境影响

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A multiyear pilot energy efficiency retrofit project has been undertaken by Greenbelt Homes, Inc, (GHI) a 1,566 co-operative of circa 1930 and 1940 homes in Greenbelt, Maryland. The three predominant construction methods of the townhomes in the community are materials common to the area and climate zone including 8 in. concrete masonry unit (CMU) block, wood frame with brick veneer and wood frame with vinyl siding. GHI has established a pilot project that will serve as a basis for decision making for the rollout of a decade-long community upgrade program that will incorporate energy efficiency upgrades to the building envelope from the exterior and equipment with the modernization of other systems like plumbing, mechanical equipment, and cladding. The pilot project has three phases focused on identifying the added costs and energy savings benefits of energy efficiency features that are to be installed during a planned community-wide replacement program commencing in 2015.

关键词：新能源与高效节能；能源效率；框架；水暖改造

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Water and wastewater systems are significant energy consumers with an estimated 3-4of total U.S. electricity consumption used for the movement and treatment of water and wastewater. Water-energy issues are of growing importance in the context of water shortages, higher energy and material costs, and a changing climate. In this economic environment, it is in the best interest for utilities to find efficiencies, both in water and energy use. Performing energy audits at water and wastewater treatment facilities is one way community energy managers can identify opportunities to save money, energy, and water. In this paper the importance of energy use in wastewater facilities is illustrated by a case study of a process energy audit performed for Crested Butte, Colorado's wastewater treatment plant. The energy audit identified opportunities for significant energy savings by looking at power intensive unit processes such as influent pumping, aeration, ultraviolet disinfection, and solids handling. This case study presents best practices that can be readily adopted by facility managers in their pursuit of energy and financial savings in water and wastewater treatment. This paper is intended to improve community energy managers understanding of the role that the water and wastewater sector plays in a community's total energy consumption. The energy efficiency strategies described provide information on energy savings opportunities, which can be used as a basis for discussing energy management goals with water and wastewater treatment facility managers.

关键词：新能源与高效节能；能源效率；能源审计；能源消耗；能源管理

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关键词：新能源与高效节能；生物质能；能源储存；能源需求

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