We present multi-model global datasets of nitrogen and sulfate deposition covering time periods from 1850 to 2100, calculated within the Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate Model Intercomparison Project (ACCMIP). The computed deposition fluxes are compared to surface wet deposition and ice-core measurements. We use a new dataset of wet deposition for 2000-2002 based on critical assessment of the quality of existing regional network data. We show that for present-day (year 2000 ACCMIP time-slice), the ACCMIP results perform similarly to previously published multi-model assessments. For this time slice, we find a multi-model mean deposition of 50 Tg(N) yr1 from nitrogen oxide emissions, 60 Tg(N) yr1 from ammonia emissions, and 83 Tg(S) yr1 from sulfur emissions. The analysis of changes between 1980 and 2000 indicates significant differences between model and measurements over the United States but less so over Europe. This difference points towards misrepresentation of 1980 NH3 emissions over North America. Based on ice-core records, the 1850 deposition fluxes agree well with Greenland ice cores but the change between 1850 and 2000 seems to be overestimated in the Northern Hemisphere for both nitrogen and sulfur species. Using the Representative Concentration Pathways to define the projected climate and atmospheric chemistry related emissions and concentrations, we find large regional nitrogen deposition increases in 2100 in Latin America, Africa and parts of Asia under some of the scenarios considered. Increases in South Asia are especially large, and are seen in all scenarios, with 2100 values more than double 2000 in some scenarios and reaching 1300 mg(N) m2 yr1 averaged over regional to continental scale regions in RCP 2.6 and 8.5, 3050 larger than the values in any region currently (2000). The new ACCMIP deposition dataset provides novel, consistent and evaluated global gridded deposition fields for use in a wide range of climate and ecological studies.

关键词：大气化学；生物质燃烧；气候模型；计算机程序

查看摘要 索取原文[48页]

关键词：生物质能;液体燃料;真菌;挥发性有机化合物纤维素

查看摘要 索取原文[21页]

A woody biomass 'feedstock yard'. is a collection point or location for collecting and concentrating biomass from various sources. Biomass is collected, sorted, consolidated, processed and distributed to a variety of markets and uses. It provides an alternative in the biomass supply chain that could have benefits over traditional woods-to-processor delivery scenarios. This guide has been designed for those interested in developing a business to supply woody biomass for forest products, wood energy and other uses. The guide provides information about the development, operation and management of a woody biomass feedstock yard. For example, a woody biomass feedstock yard could be developed to help solve a disposal problem, recover and utilize a natural resource, contribute to the local economy and the environment, or as a way to be a better steward for taxpayers. A woody biomass feedstock yard could help guide a 'woods wise' person to own and operate a small business enterprise. Woody biomass is an abundant and renewable feedstock for energy and other uses and may present an opportunity for those willing to make investments. This guide provides information and guidance on the establishment of a business and ways to improve the operation of an existing business.

关键词：生物质能；木质燃料；能源系统；木制品

查看摘要 索取原文[107页]

We provide satellite-based evidence of the spectral dependence of absorption in biomass burning aerosols over South America using near-UV measurements made by the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) during 2005-2007. In the current near-UV OMI aerosol algorithm (OMAERUV), it is implicitly assumed that the only absorbing component in carbonaceous aerosols is black carbon whose imaginary component of the refractive index is wavelength independent. With this assumption, OMI-derived aerosol optical depth (AOD) is found to be significantly over-estimated compared to that of AERONET at several sites during intense biomass burning events (August-September). Other well-known sources of error affecting the near-UV method of aerosol retrieval do not explain the large observed AOD discrepancies between the satellite and the ground-based observations. A number of studies have revealed strong spectral dependence in carbonaceous aerosol absorption in the near-UV region suggesting the presence of organic carbon in biomass burning generated aerosols. A sensitivity analysis examining the importance of accounting for the presence of wavelength-dependent aerosol absorption in carbonaceous particles in satellite-based remote sensing was carried out in this work. The results convincingly show that the inclusion of spectrally-dependent aerosol absorption in the radiative transfer calculations leads to a more accurate characterization of the atmospheric load of carbonaceous aerosols.

关键词：气溶胶；吸收光谱；卫星观测；生物质燃烧；臭氧

查看摘要 索取原文[11页]

Characterization of biomass burning from space has been the subject of an extensive body of literature published over the last few decades. Given the importance of this topic, we review how satellite observations contribute toward improving the representation of biomass burning quantitatively in climate and air-quality modeling and assessment. Satellite observations related to biomass burning may be classified into five broad categories: (i) active fire location and energy release, (ii) burned areas and burn severity, (iii) smoke plume physical disposition, (iv) aerosol distribution and particle properties, and (v) trace gas concentrations. Each of these categories involves multiple parameters used in characterizing specific aspects of the biomass-burning phenomenon. Some of the parameters are merely qualitative, whereas others are quantitative, although all are essential for improving the scientific understanding of the overall distribution (both spatial and temporal) and impacts of biomass burning. Some of the qualitative satellite datasets, such as fire locations, aerosol index, and gas estimates have fairly long-term records. They date back as far as the 1970s, following the launches of the DMSP, Landsat, NOAA, and Nimbus series of earth observation satellites. Although there were additional satellite launches in the 1980s and 1990s, space-based retrieval of quantitative biomass burning data products began in earnest following the launch of Terra in December 1999. Starting in 2000, fire radiative power, aerosol optical thickness and particle properties over land, smoke plume injection height and profile, and essential trace gas concentrations at improved resolutions became available. The 2000s also saw a large list of other new satellite launches, including Aqua, Aura, Envisat, Parasol, and CALIPSO, carrying a host of sophisticated instruments providing high quality measurements of parameters related to biomass burning and other phenomena. These improved data products have enabled significant progress in the study of biomass burning from space. 

关键词：气溶胶；气候模型；生物质燃烧；痕量污染物；生物质能

查看摘要 索取原文[62页]

Habitat systems for long-term resource recovery must be reliable, safe and highly efficient, while providing potable water, oxygen, and edible biomass. Water makes up a large portion of the daily mass input into habitat systems. Considerations for water recycling technologies include shelf life, resupply-return logistics, maintenance time, power requirements, and footprint. Water recovery via physicochemical processes is limited by resupply, which can be alleviated by incorporation of an autonomous bioregenerative core, utilizing innate metabolic activity of cells to recover useable water from various wastestreams. Major components of bioregenerative core systems include plant/crop production systems and microbial bioreactors. One of the microbial bioreactor technologies currently under consideration for use within closed loop water recovery systems is the membrane-aerated bioreactor (MABR). Although many advancements have been made regarding the optimization of MABR biotechnologies, problems that persist include: slow startup time, shock loading/reduction of processing efficiency, uncontrolled detachment of sessile bacteria, and the ability to control microniche community formation for degradation of complex wastestreams. To improve bioreactor design in these areas, we have demonstrated a technique linking advanced cell immobilization to hollow fiber membrane bioreactor. Porous silica immobilization of cells (biosilification) is a biocompatible, optically transparent encapsulation method used for high quality thin film deposition. Results indicate that encapsulated membrane-bound cells within biofilms are viable, retain their morphology, are metabolically active, and are physically trapped following biosilification. The resultant thin silica membrane is evenly distributed over the biofilm surface, reducing molecular diffusion limitations, and reinforcing the matrix.

关键词：水回收；生化；化学反应器；膜；生物质能

查看摘要 索取原文[24页]

Over the past two years, the federal government has released several reports highlighting the importance of biomass as a potential source of economic growth and energy independence. In January 2011, for example, the Congressional Research Service issued a report titled Agriculture-Based Biofuels: Overview and Emerging Issues that reviewed the evolution of the U.S. biofuels sector and the role that federal policy has played in shaping its development. In August, 2011, the Department of Energy (DOE) released 2011 U.S. Billion-Ton Update: Biomass Supply for a Bioenergy and Bioproducts Industry, which detailed U.S. biomass feedstock potential nationwide. The report examined the nation's capacity to produce a billion dry tons of biomass resources annually for energy uses without impacting other vital U.S. farm and forest products, such as food, feed, and fiber crops. Then in April 2012, the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy issued the National Bioeconomy Blueprint, a large portion of which described the importance of biomass as a source of energy and chemicals for manufacturing.

关键词：生物质能；能源利用；农业；化工

查看摘要 索取原文[60页]

In support of the Bioenergy Technologies Office, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) and the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) are undertaking studies of biomass conversion technologies to hydrocarbon fuels to identify barriers and target research toward reducing conversion costs. Process designs and preliminary economic estimates for each of these pathway cases were developed using rigorous modeling tools (Aspen Plus and Chemcad). These analyses incorporated the best information available at the time of development, including data from recent pilot- and bench-scale demonstrations, collaborative industrial and academic partners, and published literature and patents. The economic results of these analyses are in the process of further refinement and will be published in FY13 and FY14 design reports. This report summarizes the preliminary technical data used for the models and identified data gaps. This technology pathway case investigates the feasibility of using whole wet microalgae as a feedstock for conversion via hydrothermal liquefaction. Technical barriers and key research needs have been assessed in order for the hydrothermal liquefaction of microalgae to be competitive with petroleum-derived gasoline-, diesel-, and jet-range hydrocarbon blendstocks.

关键词：藻类；水热系统；液化；生物质能；碳氢燃料

查看摘要 索取原文[10页]

To examine possible effects of soil water conditions in summer in Chongqing section of Jialing River Basin on mulberry trees, we grew potted mulberry in a greenhouse under three soil water regimes designed to simulate normal irrigation (CK), moderate drought stress (T1) and extraordinary drought stress (T2).The results showed the following.1) With drought stress increasing, the heights, base diameters and root biomass all decreased significantly.The root/shoot ratio, specific root area and root activity of mulberry on the whole showed an increasing trend as drought stress increasing.The leaf water potential of mulberry after drought stress on the whole decreased significantly compared with CK; 2)With the elongation of treatment time, the heights, base diameters root biomass and root/shoot ratios of mulberry in the three treatment groups still increased to different degrees.The root activity of mulberry in each treatment group first increased and then decreased basically, but still maintained a higher level compared with CK, moreover, the leaf water potential of mulberry also decreased gradually on the whole.We concluded that under drought stress conditions the growth of mulberry will be inhibited in a way, but the plant can actively improve its absorption ability by some ways, thereby maintaining its normal physiological metabolism, accordingly demonstrating strong drought resistance.

关键词：桑树;抗旱性;植被恢复工程;生物质能

查看摘要 索取原文[7页]

In addition to emission level reduction, combustion process optimization by modifications of pyrolysis boilers is aimed at fuel cost decrease. Knowledge of fuel composition and fuel combustion properties is important to the optimum and economical combustion process. The levels of emissions caused by the process can be reduced by several designs and operational modifications. This paper deals with modifications of combustion equipment in order to reduce harmful flue gas emissions in a boiler MA 23. The hot water boiler MA 23 belongs to gasification boilers for dry lump wood combustion; it is intended primarily for the heating of family houses, cottages, small office buildings and other small buildings and has the maximum required heat output of 23 kW. The boiler was tested in several modes, based on the requirements of the standard EN 303-5 dealing with emission limits. A basic requirement was the implementation of technical measures described in the paper and a proposal of method of regulation of flue gas volumetric flow rate and of installation in order to keep emission levels below the required limit.

关键词：排放水平；生物量；气体排放；生物质能

查看摘要 索取原文[10页]