The Amyris pilot-scale Integrated Biorefinery (IBR) leveraged Amyris synthetic biology and process technology experience to upgrade Amyriss existing Emeryville, California pilot plant and fermentation labs to enable development of US-based production capabilities for renewable diesel fuel and alternative chemical products. These products were derived semi-synthetically from high-impact biomass feedstocks via microbial fermentation to the 15-carbon intermediate farnesene, with subsequent chemical finishing to farnesane. The Amyris IBR team tested and provided methods for production of diesel and alternative chemical products from sweet sorghum, and other high-impact lignocellulosic feedstocks, at pilot scale. This enabled robust techno-economic analysis (TEA), regulatory approvals, and a basis for full-scale manufacturing processes and facility design.

关键词：生物量;生物炼制;化学过程;柴油燃料;饲料;发酵;葡萄糖;制造;石化流程;可再生燃料,降低风险

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Arguments appear almost daily in the media that biofuels will increase our domestic supply of transportation fuel, end our dependence on foreign oil, reduce military vulnerabilities on the battlefield, and improve national security. Biofuels are further touted to reduce fuel price volatility, polluting emissions, and greenhouse gases (GHG), and stimulate the economy. The promise and curse of biofuels is that they are limited by the energy that living organisms harvest from the sun and suffer a fatal 'catch-22': uncultivated biofuel yields are far too small, diffuse, and infrequent to displace any meaningful fraction of U.S. primary energy needs, and boosting yields through cultivation consumes more energy than it adds to the biomass. Furthermore, the harvested biomass requires large amounts of additional energy to convert it into the compact, energy-rich, liquid hydrocarbon form required for compatibility with the nation's fuel infrastructure, transportation sector, and especially the military. The energy content of the final-product biofuel compared to the energy required to produce it proves to be a very poor investment, especially compared to other alternatives. In many cases, there is net loss of energy. The United States cannot achieve energy security through biofuels, and even the attempt is ironically achieving effects contrary to 'clean' and 'green' environmental goals and actively threatening global security. This article focuses on cultivated biomass converted into liquid transportation fuel. The overall approach is an analysis of alternatives comparing three distinct biofuels methodologies with conventional petroleum fuel to assess their relative costs and benefits. The article provides evidence that pursuit of biofuels creates irreversible harm to the environment, increases greenhouse gas emissions, undermines food security, and promotes abuse of human rights. The article concludes with specific recommendations for policy and action.

关键词：生物质转换;成本收益分析;环境影响;乙醇;燃料;石油产品;能量转换

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关键词：能源局；天然气；能源占比

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In the current study, processes to produce either ethanol or a representative fatty acid ethyl ester (FAEE) via the fermentation of sugars liberated from lignocellulosic materials pretreated in acid or alkaline environments are analyzed in terms of economic and environmental metrics. Simplified process models are introduced and employed to estimate process performance, and Monte Carlo analyses were carried out to identify key sources of uncertainty and variability. We find that the near-term performance of processes to produce FAEE is significantly worse than that of ethanol production processes for all metrics considered, primarily due to poor fermentation yields and higher electricity demands for aerobic fermentation. In the longer term, the reduced cost and energy requirements of FAEE separation processes will be at least partially offset by inherent limitations in the relevant metabolic pathways that constrain the maximum yield potential of FAEE from biomass-derived sugars.

关键词：生物化学;乙醇;乙酯;柳枝稷;碱性;生物量;脂肪酸;发酵;木质材料;指标;蒙特卡罗法;生产;分离流程;糖

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This report describes in detail one potential conversion process to hydrocarbon products by way of biological conversion of lignocellulosic-derived sugars. The pathway model leverages expertise established over time in core conversion and process integration research at NREL, while adding in new technology areas primarily for hydrocarbon production and associated processing logistics. The overarching process design converts biomass to a hydrocarbon intermediate, represented here as a free fatty acid, using dilute-acid pretreatment, enzymatic saccharification, and bioconversion. Ancillary areas--feed handling, hydrolysate conditioning, product recovery and upgrading (hydrotreating) to a final blendstock material, wastewater treatment, lignin combustion, and utilities--are also included in the design. Detailed material and energy balances and capital and operating costs for this baseline process are also documented.

关键词：生物质;木质纤维素;糖类;碳氢化合物生物转化;设计;经济分析;酶活性;液体燃料;运营成本;生产;技术评估

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The overall objective of this study was to select chemical processing equipment, install and operate that equipment to directly convert algae to biodiesel via a reaction patented by Old Dominion University (Pat. No. US 8,080,679B2). This reaction is a high temperature (250-330 degrees C) methylation reaction utilizing tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) to produce biodiesel. As originally envisioned, algal biomass could be treated with TMAH in methanol without the need to separately extract triacylglycerides (TAG). The reactor temperature allows volatilization and condensation of the methyl esters whereas the spent algae solids can be utilized as a high-value fertilizer because they are minimally charred. During the course of this work and immediately prior to commencing, we discovered that glycerol, a major by-product of the conventional transesterification reaction for biofuels, is not formed but rather three methoxylated glycerol derivatives are produced. These derivatives are high-value specialty green chemicals that strongly upgrade the economics of the process, rendering this approach as one that now values the biofuel only as a by-product, the main value products being the methoxylated glycerols. A horizontal agitated thin-film evaporator (one square foot heat transfer area) proved effective as the primary reactor facilitating the reaction and vaporization of the products, and subsequent discharge of the spent algae solids that are suitable for supplementing petrochemical-based fertilizers for agriculture. Because of the size chosen for the reactor, we encountered problems with delivery of the algal feed to the reaction zone, but envision that this problem could easily disappear upon scale-up or can be replaced economically by incorporating an extraction process. The objective for production of biodiesel from algae in quantities that could be tested could not be met, but we implemented use of soybean oil as a surrogate TAG feed to overcome this limitation.

关键词：藻类;替代燃料;农药;生物量;化学加工;柴油燃料;酯类;提取;化肥;甘油;实施;石化;弗吉尼亚州;生物柴油

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A greenhouse heating mode was proposed in this paper in order to reduce energy consumption and increase the efficiency of heating system for greenhouse.Considering experimental greenhouse practical operating conditions and various environmental factors, a warm air heating system, with heat source of biomass boilers, end heat abstractor of fan coils, was designed and some winter heating experiments was conducted.With the CFD method, the modelling of thermal environment inside the greenhouse in winter night was realized, temperature variation and distribution was simulated by STAR-CCM+.The simulation results were compared with experimental temperatures at the key positions in the greenhouse, and indicated that temperature errors of the monitoring points were less than 2K, relative error less than 8％, calculated root-mean-square error was 0.47K.Thus the validity of proposed model was certified.

关键词：载荷及温室;温度分布;实验研究;数值模拟

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This report describes a proposed thermochemical process for converting biomass into liquid transportation fuels via fast pyrolysis followed by hydroprocessing of the condensed pyrolysis oil. As such, the analysis does not reflect the current state of commercially-available technology but includes advancements that are likely, and targeted to be achieved by 2017. The purpose of this study is to quantify the economic impact of individual conversion targets to allow a focused effort towards achieving cost reductions.

关键词：生物质转换;木质纤维素,碳氢化合物,生物燃料;热解;降低成本;经济影响;加氢处理;食用油;热化学过程;运输燃料

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报告从行业环境、太阳能、风能、生物质能、新能源汽车等几个方面进行了分析及评论。

关键词：太阳能；风能；生物质能；新能源汽车

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A comprehensive process model is developed for high temperature air-steam biomass gasification in a downdraft gasifier using the ASPEN PLUS simulator.The simulation results are compared with the experimental data obtained through pilot scale downdraft gasifier.In this study,the model is used to investigate the effects of gasifying agent preheating,equivalence ratio (ER),and steam/biomass (S/B) on producer gas composition,high heating value (HHV),and cold gas efficiency (CGE).Results indicate that H2 and CO contents have increased when gasifying agent preheating is used,while gasifying agent preheating has no effect with H2 and CO at high ER.At high level of S/B,the concentrations of H2 and CO are related with water-gas shift reaction in significant.HHV and CGE depend on the concentrations of H2 and CO in producer gas,which can increase by preheated gasifying agent.However,gasifying agent preheating should apply with waste heat from the process because there is no additional cost of energy price.

关键词：气流气化炉；高温空气蒸汽；生物质气化

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