The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), in association with the U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), held a Biogas and Fuel Cells Workshop on June 11-13, 2012, in Golden, Colorado, to discuss biogas and waste-to-energy technologies for fuel cell applications. The meeting was spearheaded by the Fuel Cell Technologies Program in coordination with the Biomass Program. The overall objective was to identify opportunities for coupling renewable biomethane with highly efficient fuel cells to produce electricity; heat; combined heat and power (CHP); or combined heat, hydrogen and power (referred to as CHHP or trigeneration) for stationary or motive applications. The workshop focused on biogas sourced from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), landfills, and industrial facilities that generate or process large amounts of organic waste, including large biofuel production facilities (biorefineries).

关键词：生物质燃料;燃料电池;厌氧消化沼气过程;生物炼制;直接能量转换

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Since the start of the 20th century, average annual temperatures across the contiguous United States have increased approximately 1.5 F (0.8 C) (NOAA 2013b, EPA 2012a). Recent weather conditions are no exception to this trend. July 2012 was the hottest month in the United States since record keeping began in 1895, and 2012 was the warmest year overall, marked by historic high temperatures and droughts, above average wildfires, multiple intense storms that disrupted power to millions, and multiple extreme heat waves (NOAA 2013c). More than 60of the country experienced drought during the summer of 2012, including some areas of exceptional drought (NOAA 2013c, NOAA 2012c). These trends, which are expected to continue (NOAA 2013b, IPCC 2012, USGCRP 2009), could restrict the supply of secure, sustainable, and affordable energy critical to the nation s economic growth. At least three major climate trends are relevant to the energy sector: Increasing air and water temperatures Decreasing water availability in some regions and seasons Increasing intensity and frequency of storm events, flooding, and sea level rise This report part of the Administration s efforts to support national climate change adaptation planning through the Interagency Climate Change Adaptation Task Force and Strategic Sustainability Planning process established under Executive Order 13514 and to advance the U.S. Department of Energy s goal of promoting energy security examines current and potential future impacts of these climate trends on the U.S. energy sector. It identifies activities underway to address these challenges and discusses potential opportunities to enhance energy technologies that are more climate-resilient, as well as information, stakeholder engagement, and policies and strategies to further enable their deployment.

关键词：气候变化;天气;生物量;需求(经济学);能源;洪水;可再生能源

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In support of the Bioenergy Technologies Office, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) and the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) are undertaking studies of biomass conversion technologies to identify barriers and target research toward reducing conversion costs. Process designs and preliminary economic estimates for each of these pathway cases were developed using rigorous modeling tools (Aspen Plus and Chemcad). These analyses incorporated the best information available at the time of development, including data from recent pilot- and bench-scale demonstrations, collaborative industrial and academic partners, and published literature and patents. The economic results of these analyses are in the process of further refinement and will be published in FY13 and FY14 design reports. This report summarizes the preliminary technical data used for the models and identified data gaps. This technology pathway case investigates the cultivation of algal biomass followed by further lipid extraction and upgrading to hydrocarbon biofuels. Technical barriers and key research needs have been assessed in order for the algal lipid extraction and upgrading pathway to be competitive with petroleum-derived gasoline-, diesel-, and jet-range hydrocarbon blendstocks.

关键词：藻类;脂类;提取;碳氢化合物;生物质种植园;转换;成本;经济分析;研究需求;技术评估

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A CHARMM molecular mechanics force field for lignin is derived. Parameteriza- tion is based on reproducing quantum mechanical data of model compounds. Partial atomic charges are derived by the examination of methoxybenzene: water interactions. Dihedral parameters are optimized by fitting to critical rotational potentials, and bonded parameters are obtained by optimizing vibrational frequencies and normal modes. The force field is validated by performing a molecular dynamics simulation of a crystal of a lignin fragment molecule and comparing simulation-derived structural features with experimental results. Together with the existing force field for polysaccharides, this work will enable full simulations of lignocellulose.

关键词：纤维素;乙醇;生物质能转换;分子动力学;参数化;多糖;仿真;水交互;木质生物质

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In support of the Bioenergy Technologies Office, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) and the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) are undertaking studies of biomass conversion technologies to hydrocarbon fuels to identify barriers and target research toward reducing conversion costs. Process designs and preliminary economic estimates for each of these pathway cases were developed using rigorous modeling tools (Aspen Plus and Chemcad). These analyses incorporated the best information available at the time of development, including data from recent pilot- and bench-scale demonstrations, collaborative industrial and academic partners, and published literature and patents. This technology pathway case investigates converting woody biomass using ex-situ catalytic fast pyrolysis followed by upgrading to gasoline-, diesel-, and jet-range hydrocarbon blendstocks. Technical barriers and key research needs that should be pursued for this pathway to be competitive with petroleum-derived blendstocks have been identified.

关键词：生物质能;热解;催化剂;障碍;化学分析;转换;成本;燃料

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报告从新能源相关定义、产业热点、产业研究、新能源相关数据等几个方面进行了分析评论。

关键词：新能源；产业热点；产业研究；新能源数据

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报告从行业环境、太阳能、风能、生物质能、新能源汽车等几个方面进行了分析及评论。

关键词：太阳能；风能；生物质能；新能源汽车

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在气候变化和人类活动的双重影响下,水文序列发生了变异。利用渭河流域林家村站1960-2000年共41年的日径流序列资料,采用近似熵方法和滑动技术相结合的方法,对其径流时间序列进行突变分析。分析结果表明,在不同的滑动窗口和步长情况下,林家村站径流序列在动力学结构上呈现出明显的四个特点,突变时间发生在1972,1982,1994年;相对于传统的突变分析方法,滑动近似熵在分析非线性时间序列中呈现出分辨率高,抗干扰性强的特点。滑动近似熵能够对变化环境下的高度复杂、非线性径流时间序列的突变有效地进行诊断,可为径流时间序列突变提供一种思路。

关键词：工程水文学；非线性突变分析；滑动近似熵；渭河流域

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本文将遗传算法和变密度各项异性湍浮力射流模型有机结合,提出了满足最佳稀释效果和最低能源消耗的射流比与射流喷角多参数多目标非线性遗传优化耦合反演的新方法:将射流模型和运行能源消耗公式嵌入到遗传算法模型中,以最佳污水稀释效果和最低能源消耗为目标,进行射流模型多参数的优化耦合反演。研究结果表明基于非线性遗传优化的多参数多目标耦合反演方法可以获得最优的射流参数,有利于提高射流水体与环境水体间的掺混效果,降低污水输送能源消耗。

关键词：环境水力学；射流模型；多目标；非线性遗传优化耦合反演 射流比；射流喷角

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为了解决以误差平方和为目标函数率定非线性函数参数会增加不相关的局部优值问题,包为民教授提出了非线性函数参数的线性化率定方法,本文对这一新方法进行了描述和分析,并将其应用于垂向混合产流模型参数的优选中。首先通过理想模型对该方法进行了验证,发现敏感参数皆可率定到真值,说明该方法可行。然后又采用该方法率定建阳流域基于实测资料的模型参数,率定和检验结果表明,同样可以率定出稳定的模型参数优值,而且收敛速度较快。因此线性化率定方法是一种有效的垂向混合产流模型参数优选方法。

关键词：水文；参数率定；线性化率定方法；垂向混合产流模型

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