Mercury cadmium telluride (HgCdTe) alloy is of great importance to infrared sensing, and much of the research and development work is carried out for cooled operations. At ambient temperatures, intrinsic carriers are dominant, resulting in high dark currents. This technical report describes ways to reduce intrinsic carriers in ambient temperatures and, in particular, addresses reducing minority carriers in non-equilibrium operation under reverse biases.

关键词：长波长；汞镉碲化物；光电电池（半导体）；砷

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A thermal energy storage system capable of receiving, absorbing, and collecting solar energy, and storing it within a phase change material, has been designed as part of a power and propulsion system for use in low Earth orbit. The design includes thermophotovoltaic cells for the conversion of stored heat to electrical energy for various satellite systems, as well as a heat exchanger imbedded in the phase change material for propellant heating during thrust maneuvers. Through computational analysis, the likely thrust was evaluated as well as the impact of the propellant flow on the thermal to electric conversion. For the scenario analyzed, a propellant exit temperature of 1500 K, translating to an Isp of 300 seconds, was achieved. Passing the propellant through the phase change material decreases the temperature of the emitter used to power the thermophotovoltaics and resulted in a 20% decrease in electric power output.

关键词：人工卫星；冷气体；地球轨道；电力；储能

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Many sources of fuel are present aboard current spacecraft, with one especially hazardous source of stored energy: lithium ion batteries. Lithium ion batteries are a very hazardous form of fuel due to their self-sustaining combustion once ignited, for example, by an external heat source. Batteries can become extremely energetic fire sources due to their high density electrochemical energy content that may, under duress, be violently converted to thermal energy and fire in the form of a thermal runaway. Currently, lithium ion batteries are the preferred types of batteries aboard international spacecraft and therefore are routinely installed, collectively forming a potentially devastating fire threat to a spacecraft and its crew. Currently NASA is developing a fine water mist portable fire extinguisher for future use on international spacecraft. As its development ensues, a need for the standard evaluation of various types of fire extinguishers against this potential threat is required to provide an unbiased means of comparing between fire extinguisher technologies and ranking them based on performance.

关键词：锂离子电池；能量存储；手提灭火器

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This report is part of an effort by the U.S. Geological Survey to update existing mineral deposit models and to develop new ones. The global transition away from hydrocarbons toward energy alternatives increases demand for many scarce metals. Among these is lithium, a key component of lithium-ion batteries for electric and hybrid vehicles. Lithium (Li) brine deposits account for about three-fourths of the world's lithium production (U.S. Geological Survey, 2011). Updating an earlier deposit model by Asher-Bolinder (1991), we emphasize geologic information that might directly or indirectly help in exploration for lithium brine deposits, or for assessing regions for mineral resource potential. Special attention is given to the best-known deposit in the world - Clayton Valley, Nevada (Kunasz, 1974; Davis and others, 1986; Price and others, 2000; Zampirro, 2004); Munk and others (2011a, b) - and to the giant Salar de Atacama, Chile (Risacher and others, 2003; Lowenstein and Risacher, 2009).

关键词：电池；碳氢化合物；过渡金属化合物

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Energy harvesting is being investigated as an alternative to batteries for powering various Army systems. A piezoelectric system that generates energy from the oscillation of a mass on a spring (set in motion by the launch acceleration) is being developed. Typically, this energy is stored on an electrolytic capacitor for use during flight. Here we investigate a number of electrolytic capacitors and electrochemical double layer capacitors (aka, supercapacitors) for storing this energy. Supercapacitors are of interest, as they are potentially smaller, lighter, and more reliable. Here, we have investigated capacitors of different sizes as well as fast and slow supercapacitors for storing the energy. We find that capacitors of similar size store similar amounts of energy, with a system-dependant optimum size for maximum stored energy, and that the faster capacitors charge more quickly.

关键词：电容器；能量收获；蓄电池

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In order to obtain maximum battery lifetime and efficient operation, rechargeable batteries require unique charging profiles with an end-state, low current trickle charge. The series loaded resonant (SLR) charging system presented in this thesis meets the needs of an efficient, sensor integrated, and galvanically isolated trickle charger. The SLR DC-DC converter was successfully modeled in Simulink, and simulation results are verified in a laboratory application. The Simulink model and hardware are tested at several operating points. Component stresses are quantified and weak points are identified.

关键词：电池充电器；转换器；蓄电池

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NASA's rigorous certification process is being followed for the R2 high voltage battery program for use of R2 on International Space Station (ISS). Rigorous development testing at appropriate levels to credible off-nominal conditions and review of test data led to design improvements for safety at the virtual cell, cartridge and battery levels. Tests were carried out at all levels to confirm that both hardware and software controls work. Stringent flight acceptance testing of the flight battery will be completed before launch for mission use on ISS.

关键词：电动工具；氢气燃料电池；寿命周期成本

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Recent studies of missions to the Moon, Mars and Near Earth Asteroids (NEA) indicate that these missions often involve several distinct separately launched vehicles that must ultimately be integrated together in-flight and operate as one unit. Therefore, it is important to see these vehicles as elements of a larger segmented spacecraft rather than separate spacecraft flying in formation. The evolution of large multi-vehicle exploration architecture creates the need (and opportunity) to establish a global power architecture that is common across all vehicles. The Advanced Exploration Systems (AES) Modular Power System (AMPS) project managed by NASA Glenn Research Center (GRC) is aimed at establishing the modular power system architecture that will enable power systems to be built from a common set of modular building blocks. The project is developing, demonstrating and evaluating key modular power technologies that are expected to minimize non-recurring development costs, reduce recurring integration costs, as well as, mission operational and support costs. Further, modular power is expected to enhance mission flexibility, vehicle reliability, scalability and overall mission supportability. The AMPS project not only supports multi-vehicle architectures but should enable multi-mission capability as well. The AMPS technology development involves near term demonstrations involving developmental prototype vehicles and field demonstrations. These operational demonstrations not only serve as a means of evaluating modular technology but also provide feedback to developers that assure that they progress toward truly flexible and operationally supportable modular power architecture.

关键词：航空航天系统；降低成本；灵活性；编队飞行

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The goal of this activity was to carry out program implementation and technical projects in support of the ARRA-funded Advanced Materials in Support of EERE Needs to Advance Clean Energy Technologies Program of the DOE Advanced Manufacturing Office (AMO) (formerly the Industrial Technologies Program (ITP)). The work was organized into eight projects in four materials areas: strategic materials, structural materials, energy storage and production materials, and advanced/field/transient processing. Strategic materials included work on titanium, magnesium and carbon fiber. Structural materials included work on alumina forming austentic (AFA) and CF8C-Plus steels. The advanced batteries and production materials projects included work on advanced batteries and photovoltaic devices. Advanced/field/transient processing included work on magnetic field processing. Details of the work in the eight projects are available in the project final reports which have been previously submitted.

关键词：碳纤维；电池能源效率；储能

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Amorphous silicon (a-Si) thin film solar cells are one of the major candidates for flexible space solar cells, since it is known they have not only good radiation tolerance, but also many distinct advantages: high specific power, high flexibility, ruggedness, and tight rollup feature for stowage. Additionally, they also have the potential for reductions of both cost and stowage volume. Recently, the specific power of 1200 W/kg has been attained by triple-junction (TJ) amorphous silicon alloy solar cells using roll-to-roll processing. However, systematic knowledge of the radiation degradation of a-Si solar cells is still insufficient compared to other types of solar cells, such as crystalline Si and Ⅲ-Ⅴ compounds.

关键词：太阳能电池；电池材料；硅晶体

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