he U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) SunShot Vision Study (DOE 2012) explored the impact of reducing solar prices by about 75% from 2010 to 2020 on the potential deployment of solar technologies in the United States. DOE's SunShot Initiative envisions reaching a $1.50/W installed system price for residential rooftop photovoltaic (PV) systems by 2020 and a $1.25/W installed price for commercial rooftop PV systems by 2020. The SolarDS model was used to simulate rooftop PV market demand based on these price projections, along with several market assumptions, including customer access to financing, future retail electricity rates, and net-metering policies. In the SunShot Vision Study, U.S. rooftop PV demand increased from about 1 GW in 2010 to 121 GW by 2030 and 240 GW by 2050.

关键词：屋顶；太阳能电池阵列；部署；电力；能源政策

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Well-known, the interest to the colloidal solution with quantum dots (QDs) lies in their fluorescence properties. Among the advantages of QDs are the high resistance to photooxidation, the size and composition variation allowing to Obtain the narrow emission spectra with high quantum yield from the ultraviolet to the near infrared region. In this chapter we present the last achievements in forming and bio-medical applications of luminescent Si and SiC QDs. It is shown that a broad size distribution of Si QDs are obtained at electrochemical etching. The dimensions of the Si QDs undergone filtering in colloidal solution vary discretely with a radius quantum equal to 0.12 nm. Existing of this quantum may correspond to step-like increasing of Si QDs radius on one new shell at the surface of Si QDs. The formed QDs show intense luminescent in visual region. However, one of the major drawbacks of Si QDs for bio-medical application is instability over time in water or buffer solutions. To overcome this drawback the several methods of surface functionalization are discussed. The SiC QDs are stable in water solutions and do not require supplementary surface functionalisation for bioimaging. A strong fluorescence from the SiC QDs, which undoubtedly penetrate into the cell, has been observed. The studying of health and cancer cells using SiC QDs shows that simple modification of surface charge of QDs gives strong opportunity to target the same QDs in intracellular space with their preferential localisation inside or outside the cell nucleus.

关键词：电池材料；电化学腐蚀；电池性能

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Thorough analysis of drag and power characteristics of hydrodynamic power turbines is necessary for the efficient extraction of energy available at sea. In an effort to obtain these characteristics for a three-bladed, axial- flow hydroturbine, used to provide electric power on small sailing vessels, a load cell and voltage measuring system was installed on a carriage in a towing tank for analysis across a speed range of 0.5 to 1.8 m/s. A high-speed camera was used to determine the precise carriage speed and the rotational speed of the turbine rotor. For validation of concept, two thin flat plates were analyzed using the same drag force measuring system in the tow tank to compare experimentally determined drag coefficients with known literature values. Results are shown for the drag force experienced by the flat plates and both the non-rotating and the rotating turbine configurations. Additional results are shown for the turbine s power generation capabilities at rotational speeds between 90 and 500 RPMs. Using computational fluid dynamics for the rectangular flat plate and non-rotational turbine configuration, the experimental and computational results for the drag force characteristics were compared.

关键词：计算流体动力学；流体力学特性；轴流式水轮机

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The intent of the electric Ground Support Equipment (eGSE) demonstration is to evaluate the day-to-day vehicle performance of electric baggage tractors using two advanced battery technologies to demonstrate possible replacements for the flooded lead-acid (FLA) batteries utilized throughout the industry. These advanced battery technologies have the potential to resolve barriers to the widespread adoption of eGSE deployment. Validation testing had not previously been performed within fleet operations to determine if the performance of current advanced batteries is sufficient to withstand the duty cycle of electric baggage tractors. This report summarizes the work performed and data accumulated during this demonstration in an effort to validate the capabilities of advanced battery technologies. This report summarizes the work performed and data accumulated during this demonstration in an effort to validate the capabilities of advanced battery technologies. The demonstration project also grew the relationship with Southwest Airlines (SWA), our demonstration partner at Ontario International Airport (ONT), located in Ontario, California. The results of this study have encouraged a proposal for a future demonstration project with SWA.

关键词：电池材料；先进电池；电动设备

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Battery electric vehicles possess great potential for decreasing lifecycle costs in medium-duty applications, a market segment currently dominated by internal combustion technology. Characterized by frequent repetition of similar routes and daily return to a central depot, medium-duty vocations are well positioned to leverage the low operating costs of battery electric vehicles. Unfortunately, the range limitation of commercially available battery electric vehicles acts as a barrier to widespread adoption. This paper describes the National Renewable Energy Laboratory's collaboration with the U.S. Department of Energy and industry partners to analyze the use of small hydrogen fuel-cell stacks to extend the range of battery electric vehicles as a means of improving utility, and presumably, increasing market adoption. This analysis employs real-world vocational data and near-term economic assumptions to (1) identify optimal component configurations for minimizing lifecycle costs, (2) benchmark economic performance relative to both battery electric and conventional powertrains, and (3) understand how the optimal design and its competitiveness change with respect to duty cycle and economic climate. It is found that small fuel-cell power units provide extended range at significantly lower capital and lifecycle costs than additional battery capacity alone. And while fuel-cell range-extended vehicles are not deemed economically competitive with conventional vehicles given present-day economic conditions, this paper identifies potential future scenarios where cost equivalency is achieved.

关键词：电动电池；电动车辆；氢燃料电池；基准

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In this report we explore claims that phase conjugation of high energy lasers by stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) can compensate optical aberrations associated with severely distorted laser amplifier media and aberrations induced by the atmosphere. The SBS media tested was a gas cell pressurized up to 300 psi with SF6 or Xe or both. The laser was a 10 Hz, 3J, Q-switched Nd:YAG with 25 ns wide pulses. Atmospheric aberrations were created with space heaters, helium jets and phase plates designed with a Kolmogorov turbulence spectrum characterized by a Fried parameter, ro, ranging from 0.6 6.0 mm. Phase conjugate tests in the laboratory were conducted without amplification. For the strongest aberrations, D/ro approx. 20, created by combining the space heaters with the phase plate, the Strehl ratio was degraded by a factor of approx. 50. Phase conjugation in SF6 restored the peak focusable intensity to about 30% of the original laser. Phase conjugate tests at the outdoor laser range were conducted with laser amplifiers providing gain in combination with the SBS cell. A large 600,000 BTU kerosene space heater was used to create turbulence along the beam path. An atmospheric structure factor of Cn2 = 5x10-13 m2/3 caused the illumination beam to expand to a diameter 250mm and overfill the receiver. The phase conjugate amplified return could successfully be targeted back onto glints 5mm in diameter. Use of a lenslet arrays to lower the peak focusable intensity in the SBS cell failed to produce a useful phase conjugate beam; The Strehl ratio was degraded with multiple random lobes instead of a single focus. I will review literature results which show how multiple beams can be coherently combined by SBS when a confocal reflecting geometry is used to focus the laser in the SBS cell.

关键词：激光；畸变；放大器；光散射

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Hybrids, plug-in hybrids, and battery electrics are conservatively estimated to reach a 5 percent national car park by 2030. Drastic increases in the price of gasoline resulting from oil shocks or major shifts in national energy and environmental policy, however, may push Electric Vehicles (EV) quickly beyond this small share. Should such critical changes occur, EVs will be poised to move beyond their current niche to gain wider scale acceptance and integration into transportation and energy infrastructure. EV battery technology has not improved to the degree needed to achieve the same range mobility as conventionally fueled vehicles. Electric powertrain hybridization and incorporation of regenerative systems such as braking and flywheels are steadily, but only incrementally, improving EV fuel efficiency and range performance. New Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) regulations in the next decade may drive the light-weighting or downsizing of some vehicle categories to achieve more aggressive fuel economy requirements, especially absent a breakthrough in vehicle battery technology. Light-weighting for battery electrics may be critical. Studies indicate that if primary vehicle mass is reduced between 40-59 percent, battery size and cost may be cut by nearly half without reductions in performance.

关键词：燃料电池；电动工具；智能电网

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A number of methods have been developed using remote sensing data to estimate rooftop area suitable for the installation of photovoltaics (PV) at various geospatial resolutions. This report reviews the literature and patents on methods for estimating rooftop-area appropriate for PV, including constant-value methods, manual selection methods, and GIS-based methods. This report also presents NREL's proposed method for estimating suitable rooftop area for PV using Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data in conjunction with a GIS model to predict areas with appropriate slope, orientation, and sunlight. NREL's method is validated against solar installation data from New Jersey, Colorado, and California to compare modeled results to actual on-the-ground measurements.

关键词：地理信息系统；空调系统；市场；专利

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The current rapid advancement of micro-/nanotechnology has gradually shift its focus from the development of discrete devices to the development of more complex integrated systems that are capable of performing multiple functions, such as sensing,actuating/responding, communicating, and controlling, by the integration of individual devices through state-of-the-art microfabrication technologies. Furthermore, it is highly desired for these multifunctional micro-/nanosystems (MNSs) to operate wirelessly and self-sufficiently without the use of a battery, especially in applications such as remote sensing and implanted electronics. This operation scheme will not only extend the life span and enhance the adaptability of these MNSs while greatly reducing the footprint and cost of the entire system, but it will also increase the adaptability of these MNSs to the environment in which they are deployed. As the dimensions of individual devices shrink, the power consumption decreases accordingly to a reasonably low level, so that energy scavenged directly from the ambient is sufficient to drive the devices. The concept of self-powered nanotechnology was first proposed and developed by the Wang research group at Georgia Institute of Technology, with the aim of building a system that operates by harvesting energy from the ambient vicinity of the system and converting it into usable electrical power for wireless, self-sufficient, and independent operations. A typical self-powered MNS should consist of a low-power microcontroller unit, high-performance data-processing/storage components, a wireless signal transceiver, ultrasensitive sensors based on micro-/nanoelectromechancial systems (MEMSs/NEMSs), and most importantly the embedded powering/energy-storage units.

关键词：电池供电；能量收获；纳米技术；能量转换

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The electrodes in Unitized Reversible Fuel Cell system with supported platinum carbon black are reported.However, the electrodes in the system is consist two internal modes; it is electrolyzer and fuel cell mode.A Unitized Reversible Fuel Cell has dual function electrodes are joined in the same cell to reduce the volume and improvement efficiency performance.The electrodes of Unitized Reversible Fuel Cells operating on hydrogen and oxygen which have as high as efficiency at most the applications.Therefore, This article is concentrated on the preparation of bifunctional electrodes as design and material with low platinum loading and supported by platinum carbon black and characterization by using scanning electron microscopy.As well as, survey the latest literature on bifunctional electrodes and electrocatalysts to identify the major problems occur in design of the URFC electrodes.

关键词：可逆燃料电池；铂金；电极；电催化剂；催化剂层

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