The overall objective of this project was to develop and fabricate a multifunctional cathode with high activities in acidic electrolytes for the oxygen reduction and evolution reactions for Li-air batteries. It should enable the development of Li-air batteries that operate on hybrid electrolytes, with acidic catholytes in particular. The use of hybrid electrolytes eliminates the problems of lithium reaction with water and of lithium oxide deposition in the cathode with sole organic electrolytes. The use of acid electrolytes can eliminate carbonate formation inside the cathode, making air breathing Li-air batteries viable. The tasks of the project were focused on developing hierarchical cathode structures and bifunctional catalysts. Development and testing of a prototype hybrid Li-air battery were also conducted. We succeeded in developing a hierarchical cathode structure and an effective bifunctional catalyst. We accomplished integrating the cathode with existing anode technologies and made a pouch prototype Li-air battery using sulfuric acid as catholyte. The battery cathodes contain a nanoscale multilayer structure made with carbon nanotubes and nanofibers. The structure was demonstrated to improve battery performance substantially. The bifunctional catalyst developed contains a conductive oxide support with ultra-low loading of platinum and iridium oxides. The work performed in this project has been documented in seven peer reviewed journal publications, five conference presentations, and filing of two U.S. patents.

关键词：蓄电池；化学反应；电池阴极

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We have compared the proteomes and transcriptomes of Chlorella induced to produce oil in the presence of glucose at various time points. These results lead to the identification of several proteins when over-expressed in transgenic algae enhance photosynthesis by up to 80%. We have also completed the proteome analysis for the diatom Cyclotella when induced to accumulate oil after silicon starvation. The results of these studies are currently being analyzed. We have completed generation of Chlamydomonas transformants expressing carbonic anhydrase to increase the CO2 concentration near the active site of Rubisco so as to inhibit photorespiration. These transgenics have on average a 30% increase in photosynthetic rates. We have also show that by reducing chlorophyll b levels we can tune the light harvesting antennae size for increased photosynthetic efficiency and growth (30% increase) in algal monocultures. Finally, we have demonstrated that the biocompatible solvent, decane, rapidly induces oil accumulation in Chlorella shortening the time to produce oil with a glucose boost from 24 to 2 hours. This process also elevates oil accumulation in single cells in addition to autospores. As a result oil accumulation is increased 10X relative to glucose alone within the first 4 hours after treatment.

关键词：藻类；燃料；基因工程；二氧化碳；碳酸酐

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In order to provide the large coverage and high data rate in future system,more and more low power nodes (LPNs) e.g.,pico nodes,relay nodes,etc.,are introduced into the LTE heterogeneous network (HetNet).The resource allocation and optimization scheme is the key issue in Hetnet system since the interference environment is quite complicated compared with the traditional homogenous networks.In this paper,the semi-distributed power and subcarrier allocation scheme is proposed,which aims to achieve the good performance tradeoff between the macro eNBs and the pico nodes.One novel utility function is investigated taking both macro edge UEs and pico edge UEs into account based on limited average data rate information exchanges between macro eNB and pico eNBs.The interference for the edge UEs can be coordinated efficiently due to the dynamic power and subcarrier allocations.Compared with the proportional fairness (PF) scheduling algorithm,the simulation results show that the proposed semi-distributed scheme can achieve about 8％ throughput gain in average cell throughput.Furthermore,the pico edge UEs,and macro edge UEs of the proposed scheme can achieve 17％,12％ capacity gain,respectively.

关键词：子载波分配；微微边缘UE；LTE Hetnet系统

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The number of particles simulated within a kinetic simulation has a direct impact on the accuracy of the results. In the case of chain-branching reactions such as those found in ionization and combustion events, the exponential growth of computational particle populations may also result in computationally intractable problems. Adaptive control of the number of computational particles is therefore an important topic for improving these types of simulations. Particle merging and its inverse splitting procedures can potentially enable this type of control, but only if they do not result in additional accumulated error. Merging multiple particles down to a single particle can be shown to either violate conservation of momentum or kinetic energy because a single particle consists of too few degrees of freedom to fully represent the original two. This has resulted in a proliferation of merging strategies relying on nearby particle pairs in velocity space or merging moments to computational grids as shown for example in Refs. 1-3. If instead multiple particles are merged down to two rather than one, it can be shown that mass, momentum, and kinetic energy as well as center of mass and mean square deviation of position can be conserved simultaneously. However, when previously attempted in this reference for electromagnetic particle-in- cell (PIC), the approach was found to result in excessive thermalization, incorrect collisionless shock wave-speeds, and was not obviously amenable to near-neighbor particle selection. To mitigate the thermalization effects, the ternary merge has been coupled with octree velocity space binning. This method has been shown to match direct unmerged solutions well for several 3D3V simulations with predominately one-dimensional variations aligned to the original coordinate system. Though these results were encouraging, the preferential selection of original spatial coordinate system for the moment decomposition suggested an orientation.

关键词：自适应控制系统；燃烧；保护；电离

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A reversible pure bending test system has been developed to support an NRC research project. The test system can be used to test and characterize static bending stiffness as well as the vibration integrity of spent nuclear fuel. The reversible bending is conducted utilizing a U-frame setup with the push-pull force applied at the loading point. The U-frame setup can be integrated into the test machine in either vertical or horizontal layouts. The deformation of the rod specimen is measured directly using three-point deflection, and therefore the curvature of deformed rod specimen can be easily estimated. The functionality of the test system has been demonstrated using surrogate rods in out-of-hot cell tests. The relationship of total strain versus the number of cycles to failure exhibits a well-defined trend. It has been further shown that flexural rigidity can be used as an index to characterize the integrity of the SNF.

关键词：弯曲；变形；评价；燃料棒；热电池

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Cell imbalance is one of the key factors that limit the capacity and power of battery energy storage systems (BESS),especially the large lithium-ion battery packs.To deal with the unbalancing problem,an effective balancing circuit is required,so is an optimal balancing strategy.In this paper,an optimal strategy for cells balancing has been presented.Contrary to the conventional balancing algorithms which base on instantaneous voltage or state-of-charge (SOC) no matter what the cause of imbalance is,the proposed strategy is targeted to different imbalance situations.Four cases of cell imbalance have been analyzed and the balancing effects of different algorithms are discussed.The simulation results show that the proposed strategy improves the performances of battery packs,including the usable capacity and maximum power.

关键词：平衡策略；不平衡分析；磷酸铁锂电池；电池储能系统

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This report describes and discusses a series of experiments in which aluminum-nickel NanoFoil materials were used as the heat source for other thermal battery components, such as cathode, anode, and electrolyte, in the form of coated thin films, to develop a NanoFoil-heated thin-film thermal battery technology. This work culminated in the design, construction, and characterization of a complete, fully functional 12-cell NanoFoil-heated thin- film thermal battery prototype, which demonstrated a much faster rise in working voltage, a much lower internal gas pressure, a much shorter stack height, and a much greater flexibility in form factor, than the traditional pressed-pellet thermal batteries. In the process of screening and optimizing for the NanoFoil-heated thin-film thermal battery prototype, it was found that end-heating was very effective in prolonging the runtime of the battery by reducing the heat-sink from the battery stack into the end insulation, and the effective initiation length of the heat paper fuse strip was a major factor in determining the overall rise time of the battery due to the much lower speed of flame propagation in the heat paper than in the NanoFoil.

关键词：电池组件；电池；绝缘材料

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This seed and exploratory grant was funded to generate some initial results that are presented in this report. The project was funded by Dr. Robert Coswell in Nov. 2010 in consultation with Dr. Devanand Shenoy to develop a fusion of strain-based spintronics, as well as spin torque transfer devices, and CMOS VLSI technologies. The project was initiated with the hope to start extensive work in non-volatile and ultra-low-power subthreshold and superthreshold VLSI circuits relevant for a wide spectrum of military and space electronic systems. In this project we demonstrated: (1) an ultra-low power hearing aid speech processor interfacing with a custom designed SRAM to operate fully in sub-threshold regime (Specs: Operating at 1MHz clock frequency; 600 pJ consumption for each FIR operation); (2) a 128 point FFT/IFFT processor in 65nm technology operating in subthreshold regime (Specs: Operates at 1 MHz; energy consumption of 31 nJ/FFT); (3) a sub-threshold operating asynchronous 8051 microcontroller (A8051) with a novel 16T SRAM cell for improved performance and reliability (Specs: Consumes 91.6 nW at 250 mV. New 16T SRAM block consumes 5.44 pJ for writing and 9.08 pJ for reading); and (4) a 2 KB nonvolatile straintronics memory with 1.3 pJ read power. A follow-up grant is, therefore, requested to support three graduate students who have enthusiastically worked on this project for one year and are now poised to conduct more creative investigations in this promising emerging technology.

关键词：异步系统；加工设备；集成电路

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Polyelectrolytes, which are a macromolecule dissolved in water or polar solvent, have gained a wide attention among scientists and engineers for their wide application areas. Their different properties have allowed them to be used in many areas such as soap, body lotions, electrochromic devices, solid-state reference electrode systems, fuel cell exchange membranes, water treatment, waste treatment, paper production, corrosion protection, fuel cells, electrodialysis, contact lenses, membrane-based separations, drug delivery, and genetic science. Biocompatible polyelectrolytes are also utilized in biosensors and biomolecular recognition systems. Layer-by-layer (LbL) technique can be used to produce polyelectrolyte multilayer. Severe substrate such as gold, quartz, silicon, glass, plastic, stainless steel can be used in LbL technique. LbL technique is reproducible, cost-effective, and environmentally-friendly method. The characteristic properties of polyelectrolyte depend on the interaction between electrostatic forces. The degree of polymer charge can modify the electrostatic interactions. We examine the scaling theory according to Gennes et al. and Beurle and Nogovitsin in this chapter. After having discussed the scaling theory, we provide a basic introduction to properties of the neutron scattering and dynamic light scattering. In the end, we analyzed biopolymers and ionomers briefly. Polyelectrolytes (PEs) are generally denned as macromolecules, which when dissolved in water, dissociate to give highly charged polymeric molecules. As another definition, polyelectrolytes are polymers carrying either positively or negatively charged ionizable groups. These groups dissociate under appropriate conditions, and leaving ions on the chain and counter ions in the solution Examples of polyelectrolytes include polystyrene sulfonate, polyacrylic and polymethacrylic acids and their salts. DNA, proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccha-rides and other poly acids are given example to the natural polyelectrolytes. Polyelectrolytes are well known to play a vital role in nature and technology. PEs finds widespread use as solubilizing agents, phase separation agents, and rheo-logical property modifiers in daily life and technological applications. However, despite of their fundamental and practice importance, PEs systems still remain only poorly understood. This relates to the fact that their chemistry and physics are influenced by many controlling parameters, such as molecular weight, salt concentration, pH of the solution, etc.

关键词：电池磁极；聚电解质；化学反应

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Due to fire hazard safety concerns, the National Electrical Code requires arc-fault protection for the dc wiring associated with solar photovoltaic (PV) systems. In order to meet the $1/watt goal of the DOE SunShot Initiative, arc fault protection must be provided within the context of $0.40/watt balance of system and $0.10/watt power electronics costs. A highly integrated arc fault detector and circuit interrupter is the best solution to address the safety needs of the industry while still allowing the lowest possible levelized cost of energy (LCOE) for both new installations and retrofit applications.

关键词：探测器；电弧；电线；电气故障；火灾

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