Wireless sensor network (WSN) technology promises to have a high potential to tackle environmental challenges and to monitor and reduce energy and greenhouse gas emissions. Indeed, WSNs have already been successfully employed in applications such as intelligent buildings, smart grids and energy control systems, transportation and logistics, and precision agriculture. All these applications generally require the exchange of a large amount of data and the localization of the sensor nodes. Both these two tasks can be particularly energy-hungry. Since sensor nodes are typically powered by small batteries, appropriate energy saving strategies have to be employed so as to prolong the lifetime of the WSNs and to make their use attractive and effective. To this aim, the study of data compression algorithms suitable for the reduced storage and computational resources of a sensor node, and the exploration of node localization techniques aimed at estimating the positions of all sensor nodes of a WSN from the knowledge of the exact locations of a restricted number of these nodes, have attracted a large interest in the last years. In this chapter, we discuss how multi-objective evolutionary algorithms can successfully be exploited to generate energy-aware data compressors and to solve the node localization problem. Simulation results show that, in both the tasks, the solutions produced by the evolutionary processes outperform the most interesting approaches recently proposed in the literature.

关键词：光机电；传感器；数据压缩；节点定位

查看摘要 索取原文[29页]

The navigational strategies of insects using skylight polarization are interesting for applications in autonomous agent navigation because they rely on very little information for navigation. The skylight polarization pattern for navigation varies in a systematic fashion both in plane (e-vector) and degree of polarization, depending only on the direction of the observation point relative to the angular position of the sun. This is found to be very efficient and reliable for real time navigation. In this chapter, a polarization navigation sensor using the Stokes parameters to determine the orientation and position is presented. Section 6.1 discusses the two most common navigation algorithms prevalent in most animals: egocentric and geocentric. The working principle of the implemented algorithm is based on egocentric navigation, predominant in insects. The celestial compass based on skylight polarization is presented in section 6.2. Section 6.3 discusses the navigation compass employed by insects and in section 6.4 some of the implemented models for autonomous agent navigation based on the insect's model are presented. In section 6.5 the proposed polarization based compass is presented. The variation in the degree of polarization with changes in the polarized light can be used as a compass and conversely from the degree of polarization the incoming light ray direction can be determined. The computation of ellipticity and azimuthal angles allows for on-chip position detection based on the angle of the incoming light ray with little complexity. This can further be used as a sun position detector based on the skylight polarization. The ability to compute on-chip or in real-time the positional information would result in highly miniaturized navigational sensors.

关键词：光机电；传感器；CMOS；偏振导航

查看摘要 索取原文[30页]

The function of the infrared gas transducer used during extravehicular activity in the current space suit is to measure and report the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the ventilation loop. The next generation portable life support system (PLSS) requires next generation CO2 sensing technology with performance beyond that presently in use on the Space Shuttle/International Space Station extravehicular mobility unit (EMU). Accommodation within space suits demands that optical sensors meet stringent size, weight, and power requirements. A laser diode spectrometer based on wavelength modulation spectroscopy is being developed for this purpose by Vista Photonics, Inc. Two prototype devices were delivered to NASA Johnson Space Center (JSC) in September 2011. The sensors incorporate a laser diode-based CO2 channel that also includes an incidental water vapor (humidity) measurement and a separate oxygen channel using a vertical cavity surface emitting laser. Both prototypes are controlled digitally with a field-programmable gate array/microcontroller architecture. The present development extends and upgrades the earlier hardware to the Advanced PLSS 2.0 test article being constructed and tested at JSC. Various improvements to the electronics and gas sampling are being advanced by this project. The combination of low power electronics with the performance of a long wavelength laser spectrometer enables multi-gas sensors with significantly increased performance over that presently offered in the EMU.

关键词：光机电；传感器；舱外活动；应用

查看摘要 索取原文[16页]

Vineyards are complex microclimate-affected cultivations that require the continuous and careful presence and intervention of farmers to guarantee the quality of the final product. Distributed monitoring systems may support the farmers' work by providing real-time and spatially dense measurements of climatic and plant-related parameters that influence the grape production. We propose a WSN-based monitoring system for grape production that, differently from what proposed in the literature, is characterized by adaptation to topological changes of the network due to permanent or transient faults that affect the sensor nodes, energy availability, and plug&play insertion or removal of units. Sensed data are remotely transmitted to a control room for storage, visualization and interpretation.

关键词：光机电；传感器；无线网络；监测

查看摘要 索取原文[16页]

In present era of railways transportation the presence of the railway signal system in railway networks makes the train control system much easier & safer. Today the all railway signal systems are based on electrical devices. In this paper we propose a new signal system for railway network which will be based on wireless sensor devices. Proposed frame work helps the train control mechanism to control the train even in low visibility weather condition like dust, haze, snow, heavy rain, fogginess conditions. In this paper we proposed the idea and the framework for the new wireless sensor device based signal system which can be implemented in modification in existing current signal systems.

关键词：光机电；传感器；铁路信号系统；框架

查看摘要 索取原文[7页]

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) possess inherent tradeoffs among conflicting performance objectives such as data yield, data fidelity and power consumption. In order to address this challenge, this paper proposes a biologically-inspired application framework for WSNs. The proposed framework, called El Nifio, models an application as a decentralized group of software agents. This is analogous to a bee colony (application) consisting of bees (agents). Agents collect sensor data on individual nodes and carry the data to base stations. They perform this data collection functionality by autonomously sensing their local network conditions and adaptively invoking biological behaviors such as pheromone emission, swarming, reproduction and migration. Each agent carries its own operational parameters, as genes, which govern its behavior invocation and configure its underlying sensor nodes. El Nino allows agents to evolve and adapt their operational parameters to network dynamics and disruptions by seeking the optimal tradeoffs among conflicting performance objectives. This evolution process is augmented by a notion of accelerated evolution. It allows agents to evolve their operational parameters by learning dynamic network conditions in the network and approximating their performance under the conditions. This is intended to expedite agent evolution to adapt to network dynamics and disruptions.

关键词：光机电；传感器；生物激励；自我属性

查看摘要 索取原文[22页]

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are distributed systems composed of hundreds to thousands of low cost, battery-powered, and reduced-size devices, endowed with processing, sensing, and wireless communication capabilities. One major reason for the increasing interest in WSNs in the past few years is their potential pervading in application areas for which traditional networks are unsuitable. Instead of a deployment scenario in which few powerful sensing devices are linked by either wired connections or single-hop wireless connections, WSN nodes consist of multiple microsensors able of communicating and self-organizing in order to compose a wireless ad hoc network for meeting application demands.

关键词：光机电；传感器；能源效率；策略

查看摘要 索取原文[33页]

In the realm of sensor network management, detection and estimation in the presence of uncertainties in both sensing and process dynamics are challenging tasks. Applications include but are not limited to using UAVs for fire detection and temperature estimation in aerial wild fire control [102], aerial search and tracking [82], space situational awareness (SSA) for the detection and categorizing of critical space objects [141], and chemical leak detection and concentration estimation in emergency responses to Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear, Explosive (CBRNE) incidents.

关键词：光机电；传感器；集成检测；估计

查看摘要 索取原文[21页]

关键词：光机电；传感器；融合；模型

查看摘要 索取原文[6页]

关键词：光机电；传感器；拓扑控制；无线网络

查看摘要 索取原文[24页]