The United States and other nations are developing laser (i.e., 'light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation') applications, including high-energy lasers (HEL) and low-energy lasers (LEL). HELs will likely have military applications in ballistic missile defense (BMD), counter- air, counter-space, and counter-intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR). However, HEL applications will be slow to proliferate to many potential adversaries due to their high cost and technical complexity. LELs will be developed as technological byproducts of HELs and commercial applications and will rapidly proliferate, even to resource-constrained actors, due to their low cost and reduced technical complexity. By 2030 the Air Force will field air and space vehicles that will use focal plane arrays (FPA) as optical sensors. This paper argues that these sensitive FPAs will be vulnerable to LEL attack, and as LELs proliferate, they could render the Air Force's sensing technologies ineffective. Further, the paper makes the case that the Air Force must continue to investigate the effects of lasers on FPA sensors to better understand how to protect them, and then invest in the technologies to permit continued operation of all FPA sensors in future hostile environments. To explore this thesis, the paper introduces the basic theory of lasers and FPAs. It then discusses the regimes of future Air Force sensor operations, and analyzes the factors that could facilitate denial of optical sensors using LELs. The paper then looks at the basic methods of sensor protection against laser illumination, and makes recommendations for the Air Force to retain the use of optical sensors in a proliferated LEL environment.

关键词：光机电；传感器；激光；光学

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Robust communications are key to the success of naval operations such as area surveillance, control, and interdiction. Communications and sensor networks allow the flow of data and critical information that are necessary for conducting such operations from both tactical and strategic perspectives. In naval operations, platforms are hardly stationary, as the networking infrastructure operates from a variety of platforms in motion on the sea, above the sea, and from space. Sensor networks consist of nodes made up of small sensors that are able to monitor, process, and analyze phenomena over geographical regions of varying size and for significant periods. Some categories of these small sensors are able to collect and transmit sensor data about physical values (e.g., temperature, humidity, and sea state), or dynamic attributes of objects, such as speed, direction, and the existence of dangerous substances (e.g., radioactive materials and explosives). The objective of this thesis is to examine how unstructured sensor networks, known as ad-hoc sensor networks, can effectively support maritime interdiction operations and regional security by providing reliable communications and flow of information.

关键词：光机电；传感器；海上封锁；地区安全

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This paper deals with the design, optimization and development of a practical solution for application to the agro-food chain monitoring and control. The overall system was addressed in terms of the experienced platform, network issues related both to communication protocols between nodes and gateway operations up to the suitable remote user interface. Every constitutive element of the system chain was described in detail in order to point out the features and the remarkable advantages in terms of complexity reduction and usability.

关键词：光机电；传感器；农业监测；无线网络

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This paper presents the development of a versatile sensor platform that is well-suited for autonomous data acquisition in environmental monitoring. The key advantages of the platform are its compact design, implemented onboard sensors, wireless communication and further standard interfaces to connect application specific sensors. The sensor system is subsequently simple to install and the costs for the preparation and execution of a measurement task are low. The paper provides details of the platform design and key characteristics as well as data acquisition-, communication-, and data storage strategy. A practical exemplary application in the field of environmental monitoring - the determination of acceleration of plants due to wind load - is presented.

关键词：光机电；传感器；环境监测；自主平台

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This chapter addresses the problem of selecting optimal observation points for scanning networks in view of a combinatorial optimization approach. In the existing formulations, an optimal sensor activation schedule is computed as that which globally minimizes a criterion directly connected with the expected quality of the parameter estimates. But then the key difficulty becomes the large scale of the resulting global optimization problem, since the monitoring networks encountered in process industry or environmental engineering may often consist of several hundreds of stations. Obviously, this makes the exhaustive search on a candidate-by-candidate basis practically intractable and creates a need for techniques which would implement guided search and have acceptable performance.

关键词：光机电；传感器；激活；组合

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关键词：光机电；传感器；铵荧光；视图

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This thesis investigates the feasibility of adapting the Microflown PU match vector sensor for underwater use. After testing the proper functioning of the sensor, the best materials for the capsule are determined based on acoustic properties. The capsule is designed and built by NPS staff. To predict the sensitivity of the encapsulated sensor, the characteristic equations are modified to reflect the new medium. In order to be able to predict the sensitivity of the encapsulated sensor, the performance ratio is determined between the sensitivity in air and the filling fluid of choice. Temperature dependency is introduced in the relevant parameters to be able to model the sensitivity at various operating temperatures. The measured sensitivity from the calibration report is then used to predict its performance in castor oil. The theoretical sensitivity model is verified by experimental data gathered from calibration studies at NUWC. The verified model is then used to analyze the consequences of changing critical operating parameters like the distance between the filaments and the operating temperature. Based on these calculations, recommendations are made for a better performing prototype. Eventually a new design is proposed that increases sensitivity significantly and is better adapted to operate in the filling fluid.

关键词：光机电；传感器；微流矢量；水下

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The Landsat Data Continuity Mission (LDCM) is being developed by NASA and USGS and is currently planned for launch in January 2013 (1). Once on-orbit and checked out, it will be operated by USGS and officially named Landsat-8. Two sensors will be on LDCM: the Operational Land Imager (OLI), which has been built and delivered by Ball Aerospace & Technology Corp (BATC) and the Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS)(2), currently being built and tested at Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) with a planned delivery of Winter 2012. The OLI covers the Visible, Near-IR (NIR) and Short-Wave Infrared (SWIR) parts of the spectrum; TIRS covers the Thermal Infrared (TIR). This paper discusses only the OLI instrument and its pre-launch characterization; a companion paper covers TIRS.

关键词：光机电；传感器；陆地卫星；陆地成像仪

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There is no doubt that preparation of experimental conditions in the sense of choosing a suitable observational strategy has great influence on the expected accuracy of parameter estimates, especially in the context of DPSs. The first part of the chapter contains a brief overview of the parameter identification problem and optimal experimental design for linear and nonlinear lumped dynamic systems. In particular, the notion of continuous designs is intro-duced, which dramatically reduces the problem dimensionality. Furthermore, generalization of some classical results from experimental design theory to multi-response systems with possibly correlated outputs is presented for the purpose of providing fundamental results which characterize the solutions and thus indicate possible numerical procedures. The inherent nonlinearity of DPSs with respect to the estimated parameters is certainly a problem of paramount importance and one of main complications in the delineated approach. However, under some assumptions, the results derived for systems linear in parameters can be extended to the class of nonlinear models based on suitable approximations of the FIM. Such a generalized classical theory paves the way to numerous applications of DPSs and, being crucial for specific problems, constitutes close connection with the chapters which follow.

关键词：光机电；传感器；调度；设计

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Both the public sector and the military are working on developing drowsiness detection systems, as driver fatigue is a significant contributor to motor vehicle accidents. Individually, electroencephalography (EEG) and eye- tracking measures are tenuous indicators of driver fatigue and impairment. This project proposes to integrate multiple sensor modalities in order to improve drowsiness level assessment and driver performance prediction. There is substantial evidence supporting the correlation of alpha bursts in EEG (narrowband alpha power density increases lasting 500 ms to several seconds) and eye-tracking measures, such as pupil diameter and gaze distribution, with drowsiness. As a step towards multi-sensory data fusion, we aim to implement in real time an optimized version of an existing algorithm for the automatic detection of alpha bursts using a single EEG channel and ascertain correlations between alpha bursts, eye-tracking measures, and behavioral indicators of fatigue that include standard deviation of both lane position and acceleration. The ability to reliably detect alpha bursts in real-time combined with established correlations will allow an algorithm to accurately predict driver performance in a simulation environment.

关键词：光机电；传感器；生理监测；融合

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