报告以图表的形式对比分析了2013年电视机地区基本市场状况、各主要产品品牌分地区基本市场状况、消费者的人口构成及其分布比例、各主要产品品牌分人口组别基本市场指标、消费者的生活态度、消费者的体育运动和休闲活动等。

关键词：电视机；市场状况

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Wireless sensor network (WSN) technology promises to have a high potential to tackle environmental challenges and to monitor and reduce energy and greenhouse gas emissions. Indeed, WSNs have already been successfully employed in applications such as intelligent buildings, smart grids and energy control systems, transportation and logistics, and precision agriculture. All these applications generally require the exchange of a large amount of data and the localization of the sensor nodes. Both these two tasks can be particularly energy-hungry. Since sensor nodes are typically powered by small batteries, appropriate energy saving strategies have to be employed so as to prolong the lifetime of the WSNs and to make their use attractive and effective. To this aim, the study of data compression algorithms suitable for the reduced storage and computational resources of a sensor node, and the exploration of node localization techniques aimed at estimating the positions of all sensor nodes of a WSN from the knowledge of the exact locations of a restricted number of these nodes, have attracted a large interest in the last years. In this chapter, we discuss how multi-objective evolutionary algorithms can successfully be exploited to generate energy-aware data compressors and to solve the node localization problem. Simulation results show that, in both the tasks, the solutions produced by the evolutionary processes outperform the most interesting approaches recently proposed in the literature.

关键词：传感器；多目标

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Image sensors have become significant due to the high demand from different applications. Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) and Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) image sensors are two different technologies used for capturing images digitally. Both types of imagers are fabricated in silicon and convert light into electronic signals for processing. Section 3.1 of this chapter discusses briefly the CCDs and CMOS image sensors. Section 3.2 gives an overview of the photodetection in silicon. The different types of photodiodes used to sense the light intensity are discussed. Section 3.3 discusses the basic types of pixels commonly used in CMOS image sensors. The advantages and disadvantages of each type are elaborated. Section 3.4 discusses the performance parameters of the CMOS image sensors and section 3.5 presents the peripheral circuits used in conventional CMOS image sensors. Section 3.6 describes the design of a 128×128 pixel CMOS image sensor chip with in-pixel analog memory and a 1-bit dynamic memory in a standard 0.18μm 1-poly-3-metal CMOS CIS (CMOS Image Sensor) process. The characterization and measurement results of the image sensor are also presented in section 3.7.

关键词：图像传感器；CMOS

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This chapter has presented the background to power system dynamics, as appropriate for use in a modelling study of a power system. The complexities of the models depend on the type of transient and the system being investigated. Since we are mostly concerned about the frequency control of the power system, more effort has been placed on the active power flow in the system. Generally, the components of the power system that influence the electrical torque include the network state before and after the transient, the loads and their characteristics, the synchronous generator, the speed governor and other supplementary controls such as tie-line power flows.

关键词：电力系统；动态

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Material classification is an important application in computer vision. The ability to detect the nature of the object surface from image data has a very high potential for applications ranging from low-level inspection to high-level object recognition. The inherent property of materials to partially polarize the reflected light can serve as a tool to classify them. In this chapter, an introduction to material classification is presented in section 5.1. The theory behind polarization upon specular reflection and Fresnel coefficients is covered in section 5.2. The Fresnel reflectance model is also briefly described. The polarized nature of the transmitted light can be used to differentiate between metal and dielectric surfaces in real time due to the different nature in partially polarizing the specular and diffuse reflection components of the reflected light. This is elaborated in section 5.3 by measuring the transmitted irradiance after reflection from the material surface which allows computation of Fresnel reflection coefficients, the degree of partial polarization and the variations in the maximum and minimum transmitted intensities for varying specular angle of incidence. Differences in the physical parameters for various metal surfaces result in different surface reflection behavior, influencing the Fresnel reflection coefficients. Section 5.4, shows that it is possible to differentiate among various metals of varying conductivity by sensing the change in the Polarization Fresnel Ratio and the degree of polarization of the light reflected. Section 5.5 presents a short summary of the methods used to differentiate among material surfaces.

关键词：传感器；CMOS；偏振

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The navigational strategies of insects using skylight polarization are interesting for applications in autonomous agent navigation because they rely on very little information for navigation. The skylight polarization pattern for navigation varies in a systematic fashion both in plane (e-vector) and degree of polarization, depending only on the direction of the observation point relative to the angular position of the sun. This is found to be very efficient and reliable for real time navigation. In this chapter, a polarization navigation sensor using the Stokes parameters to determine the orientation and position is presented. Section 6.1 discusses the two most common navigation algorithms prevalent in most animals: egocentric and geocentric. The working principle of the implemented algorithm is based on egocentric navigation, predominant in insects. The celestial compass based on skylight polarization is presented in section 6.2. Section 6.3 discusses the navigation compass employed by insects and in section 6.4 some of the implemented models for autonomous agent navigation based on the insect's model are presented. In section 6.5 the proposed polarization based compass is presented. The variation in the degree of polarization with changes in the polarized light can be used as a compass and conversely from the degree of polarization the incoming light ray direction can be determined. The computation of ellipticity and azimuthal angles allows for on-chip position detection based on the angle of the incoming light ray with little complexity. This can further be used as a sun position detector based on the skylight polarization. The ability to compute on-chip or in real-time the positional information would result in highly miniaturized navigational sensors.

关键词：电力系统；CMOS；传感器

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报告以图表的形式对比分析了2013年移动电话地区基本市场状况、各主要产品品牌分地区基本市场状况、消费者的人口构成及其分布比例、各主要产品品牌分人口组别基本市场指标、消费者的生活态度、消费者的体育运动和休闲活动等。

关键词：移动电话；市场状况

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Today, medical knowledge is expanding so rapidly that clinicians cannot follow all progress any more. This is one reason for making knowledge-based systems desirable in medicine. Such systems can give a clinician a second opinion and give them access to new experience and knowledge. Recent advances in Artificial Intelligence (AI) offers methods and techniques with the potential of solving tasks previously difficult to solve with computer-based systems in medical domains. This chapter is especially concerned with diagnosis of stress-related dysfunctions using AI methods and techniques. Since there are large individual variations between people when looking at biological sensor signals to diagnose stress, this is a worthy challenge. Stress is an inevitable part of our human life. No one can live without stress. However, long-term exposure to stress may in the worst case cause severe mental and/or physical problems that are often related to different kind of psychosomatic disorders, coronary heart disease etc. So, diagnosis of stress is an important issue for health and well-being. Diagnosis of stress often involves acquisition of biological signals for example finger temperature, electrocardiogram (ECG), electromyography (EMG) signal, skin conductance (SC) signals etc. and is followed by a careful analysis by an expert. However, the number of experts to diagnose stress in psycho-physiological domain is limited. Again, responses to stress are different for different persons. So, interpreting a particular curve and diagnosing stress levels is difficult even for experts in the domain due to large individual variations. It is a highly complex and partly intuitive process which experienced clinicians use when manually inspecting biological sensor signals and classifying a patient. Clinical studies show that the pattern of variation within heart rate i.e., HRV signal and finger temperature can help to determine stress-related disorders. This chapter presents a signal pre-processing and feature extraction approach based on electrocardiogram (ECG) and finger temperature sensor signals. The extracted features are used to formulate cases in a case-based reasoning system to develop a personalized stress diagnosis system. The results obtained from the evaluation show a performance close to an expert in the domain in diagnosing stress.

关键词：传感器；生物；案例

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The difficulties one faces when developing a service robot increase exponentially with the number of different modules and functions to be included. In the DESIRE project a new service robot was to be built as a means for advancing and demonstrating the convergence of service robotics technologies. It also had to meet the often contradicting requirements and demands of all thirteen partners and their heterogeneous software modules and functions which they committed to this project. In this article we will discuss the development process of the hardware of the DESIRE technology platform. Starting with the listing and description of the different components and requirements we will describe the development process of the platform's frame and internal structure as well as the design of the outer cover. We expect this chapter to be used as inspiration and guideline for other engineers in upcoming projects with similar settings concerning system complexity and team composition. We are confident that the experience of the robot development process gathered within a large joint research project will help others to identify potential pitfalls and challenges for a robot's hardware design beforehand and thus reduce the effort, time and resources needed for future service robot development.

关键词：机器人；DASIRE;硬件设计

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In the field of service robotics there is a high demand for high quality models of all the objects a service robot should be capable of handling. This is especially true for geometrical representations of objects that can be used for visualization and simulation. The acquisition of such models can be done using the sensors available on the robot or can be generated off line using specialized hardware. Currently the latter approach yields qualitatively better results for onboard sensors are still limited. In project DESIRE high quality models were needed to train the vision system as well as the manipulation capabilities of the demonstrator, thus a specialized sensor setup was constructed and used to generate 2D and 3D object models.

关键词：机器人；半自动；建模

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