The diffractive optical elements,with the negative dispersive characteristic and the random phase distributing to realize random phase modulation for wave-front,are not only helpful to simplify the optical system,but also improve the image quality,while putting it into the optical system.It can decrease the element numbers of the system and obtain a compact configuration that introducing diffractive optical element into the design of eyepiece.A hybrid diffractive-refractive wide-angle eyepiece,with a big exit pupil distance,is designed by using the Code V Optical Design Software.The features of the wide-angle eyepiece are 30mm effective focal length,60°whole field-of-view (FOV),30mm exit pupil distance and 6mm exit pupil diameter,and which consists of four lens and two diffractive elements.From the result of design,the MTF in the center field of the wide-angle eyepiece is over 0.55at 601p/mm,at the same time,the MTFs in all fields are over 0.3 at 501p/am,which show that this wide-angle eyepiece has a great image quality.

关键词：应用光学；大出瞳距离；广角目镜；光学设计

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control strategy is one of the most decisive techniques in Hybrid Electric Bus (HEB) and directly influences the dynamic performance and fuel economy.For achieving the best fuel economy and keeping the battery for a long time,First,power analytic control strategy was built; then,the hybrid optimization algorithm (HOA) based on Multi-island genetic Algorithm (MIGA) and NLPQL was built by ISIGHT software.HOA is adopted in control strategy parameters of HEB optimization.The results show that the best result can be obtained in few iterative times by HOA,the calculation time was reduce by 12 hours,the fuel economy was improved by 12％ and find the rules between control strategy parameters and fuel economy 、the balance of the battery state of charge(SOC).

关键词：混合动力客车;控制策略;多岛遗传算法;混合优化算法

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Simulations of a supersonic recessed-cavity flow are performed using a hybrid large-eddy/Reynolds-averaged simulation approach utilizing an inflow turbulence recycling procedure and hybridized inviscid flux scheme. Calorically perfect air enters a three-dimensional domain at a free stream Mach number of 2.92. Simulations are performed to assess grid sensitivity of the solution, efficacy of the turbulence recycling, and the effect of the shock sensor used with the hybridized inviscid flux scheme. Analysis of the turbulent boundary layer upstream of the rearward-facing step for each case indicates excellent agreement with theoretical predictions. Mean velocity and pressure results are compared to Reynolds-averaged simulations and experimental data for each case and indicate good agreement on the finest grid. Simulations are repeated on a coarsened grid, and results indicate strong grid density sensitivity. Simulations are performed with and without inflow turbulence recycling on the coarse grid to isolate the effect of the recycling procedure, which is demonstrably critical to capturing the relevant shear layer dynamics. Shock sensor formulations of Ducros and Larsson are found to predict mean flow statistics equally well.

关键词：大涡模拟;雷诺平均;湍流效应;超音速流动;混合动力车

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A "seeded fault test" in support of a rotorcraft condition based maintenance program (CBM), is an experiment in which a component is tested with a known fault while health monitoring data is collected. These tests are performed at operating conditions comparable to operating conditions the component would be exposed to while installed on the aircraft. Performance of seeded fault tests is one method used to provide evidence that a Health Usage Monitoring System (HUMS) can replace current maintenance practices required for aircraft airworthiness. Actual in-service experience of the HUMS detecting a component fault is another validation method. This paper will discuss a hybrid validation approach that combines in service-data with seeded fault tests. For this approach, existing in-service HUMS flight data from a naturally occurring component fault will be used to define a component seeded fault test. An example, using spiral bevel gears as the targeted component, will be presented. Since the U.S. Army has begun to develop standards for using seeded fault tests for HUMS validation, the hybrid approach will be mapped to the steps defined within their Aeronautical Design Standard Handbook for CBM. This paper will step through their defined processes, and identify additional steps that may be required when using component test rig fault tests to demonstrate helicopter CI performance. The discussion within this paper will provide the reader with a better appreciation for the challenges faced when defining a seeded fault test for HUMS validation.

关键词：直升机的性能；飞机的可靠性；系统健康监测；混合动力系统

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本文非别从2013-2014年中国先进制造产业发展概况、产业政策与支撑体系、发展预测等几个方面进行了分析评论。

关键词：金属制品；通用设备；专用设备；汽车制造；电气机械；计算机；通信；电子设备；仪器仪表；铁路；船舶；航空；航天；发展概况；产业政策；支撑体系；发展预测

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This study compared fuel economy and emissions between heavy-duty hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and equivalent conventional diesel vehicles. In-use field data were collected from daily fleet operations carried out at a FedEx facility in California on six HEV and six conventional 2010 Freightliner M2-106 straight box trucks. Field data collection primarily focused on route assessment and vehicle fuel consumption over a six-month period. Chassis dynamometer testing was also carried out on one conventional vehicle and one HEV to determine differences in fuel consumption and emissions. Route data from the field study was analyzed to determine the selection of dynamometer test cycles. From this analysis, the New York Composite (NYComp), Hybrid Truck Users Forum Class 6 (HTUF 6), and California Air Resource Board (CARB) Heavy Heavy-Duty Diesel Truck (HHDDT) drive cycles were chosen. The HEV showed 31better fuel economy on the NYComp cycle, 25better on the HTUF 6 cycle and 4worse on the CARB HHDDT cycle when compared to the conventional vehicle. The in-use field data indicates that the HEVs had around 16better fuel economy than the conventional vehicles. Dynamometer testing also showed that the HEV generally emitted higher levels of nitric oxides than the conventional vehicle over the drive cycles, up to 77higher on the NYComp cycle (though this may at least in part be attributed to the different engine certification levels in the vehicles tested). The conventional vehicle was found to accelerate up to freeway speeds over ten seconds faster than the HEV.

关键词：电动车辆；测功机；柴油机；卡车；排放

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This template This paper investigates the optimal cluster flight orbit design issue for the fractionated spacecraft according to three main goals:keeping the cluster as stable as possible,preventing the collisions within the cluster,maintaining the inter-satellite distance within the maximum region.Firstly,the relative orbital elements are adopted to describe the relative motion.Then,the formation design requirements are formulated in terms of the relative orbital elements,the constrained optimization problem is solved using the hybrid particle swarm optimization algorithm integrated with sequential quadratic programming local search.The simulation results show that the hybrid PSO-SQP algorithm is effective.

关键词：分次飞船;集群飞行轨道;相对轨道要素;粒子群优化;序列二次规划

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目前我国汽车后市场发展刚刚起步，只有运用创新思维，不断洞悉消费需求，才能促进中国汽车后市场的良性发展。

关键词：汽车后市场；产业战略；转型

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A Class 7 school bus and Class 8 straight truck were tested by NHTSA VRTC to evaluate relative braking performance and stability levels of various high-output foundation brake configurations. An abbreviated FMVSS No. 121 test sequence was conducted, with additional tests being performed for research purposes. Each vehicle was tested with three brake configurations: (1) standard S-cam drums (baseline) on all wheel positions; (2) hybrid-Air-disc brakes on the steer axle and S-cam drums on the drive axles; and (3) air disc brakes on all wheel positions. The vehicles were tested at two load conditions, a Lightly Loaded Vehicle Weight (LLVW) and Gross Vehicle Weight Rating (GVWR). Each vehicle-brake-load combination met the current FMVSS No. 121 standard service brake stops on a dry surface from 60 mph. At LLVW, both vehicles exhibited reductions in stopping distance when the S-cam brakes were replaced with either hybrid or all disc configuration brakes, but the difference between the two change types was negligible at this load. However at GVWR, the benefits of disc brakes at all wheel positions were clearly seen. The disc brake configuration showed shorter stopping distances of 20 and 22 percent for the straight truck and the bus, respectively, where the hybrid brake configurations only produced stopping distances that were 10 percent shorter than S-cam brakes for both trucks.

关键词：卡车；客车；制动器（运动避雷器）；性能测试

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关键词：太赫兹时域光谱;复合聚合物薄膜；光学参数

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