关键词：喷漆；涂覆制品；协助保持产品；抗微生物涂层；抑制病原体

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The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) National Exposure Research Laboratory (NERL) is performing research in support of the Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) of 1996, which requires that pesticide exposure assessments to be conducted for all potential sources, routes and pathways, not just dietary intake. The goal of the NERL program is to develop and evaluate protocols and methods for assessing children's aggregate and cumulative exposures to pesticides, and to collect data required to reduce the reliance on default assumptions in development of quantitative exposure assessments. This paper provides an overview of the framework and technical approach for the research program and descriptions of studies being performed to fill data gaps in the following areas: (1) Spatial and temporal distribution of pesticide residues indoors; (2) Pesticide use patterns indoors; (3) Dermal exposure; (4) Indirect ingestion exposure; (5) Microenvironments and macroactivity patterns of children; and (6) Children's exposure measurements protocols and methods.

关键词：农药；儿童

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Sources of PCBs, dioxin, and chlorinated pesticides to Vancouver Lake were investigated during the winter, spring, and fall of 2010 from Burnt Bridge Creek, the Flushing Channel, and two Lake River sites.

关键词：农药；水污染

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Casa a Campo: Pesticide Safety for Farmworker Families was an environmental justice community education project with five specific aims: (1) to conduct research that (a) documents the knowledge and beliefs of farmworker families in North Carolina about pesticide exposure and prevention at work and in the home, (b) documents pesticide exposure among farmworker families in North Carolina, and (c) documents other environmental health concerns that arise from community discussions among farmworker families in North Carolina; (2) to develop culturally and linguistically appropriate educational materials and implement programs that will promote ways to prevent or reduce exposure among farmworker families in North Carolina; (3) to develop culturally and linguistically appropriate educational materials and implement programs that will better prepare health care providers in North Carolina to recognize and treat pesticide exposure-related illness among agricultural labor families and counsel families on ways to prevent or reduce exposure; (4) to increase the capacity of the North Carolina Farmworkers' Project to involve community members in the documentation of environmental and occupational health risks and in education for the reduction of environmental and occupational health risks; and (5) to evaluate the process and outcomes of community participation in this project so that it can be used by other community-based organizations to engage community residents in efforts to reduce environmental risks in their own communities.

关键词：农药；环境暴露；职业安全与健康；农业工人；健康危害；安全项目；心理健康；心理影响；预防医学；社会学因素

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A method was developed to calculate annual county-level pesticide use for selected herbicides, insecticides, and fungicides applied to agricultural crops grown in the conterminous United States from 1992 through 2009. Pesticide-use data compiled by proprietary surveys of farm operations located within Crop Reporting Districts were used in conjunction with annual harvested-crop acreage reported by the U.S. Department of Agriculture National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) to calculate use rates per harvested-crop acre, or an estimated pesticide use (EPest) rate, for each crop by year. Pesticide-use data were not available for all Crop Reporting Districts and years. When data were unavailable for a Crop Reporting District in a particular year, EPest extrapolated rates were calculated from adjoining or nearby Crop Reporting Districts to ensure that pesticide use was estimated for all counties that reported harvested-crop acreage. EPest rates were applied to county harvested-crop acreage differently to obtain EPest-low and EPest-high estimates of pesticide-use for counties and states, with the exception of use estimates for California, which were taken from annual Department of Pesticide Regulation Pesticide Use Reports.

关键词：农药；环境影响；除草剂；杀虫剂；杀菌剂；农作物

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The HHE Program evaluated surface contamination from spills of sea lamprey pesticides that occurred in the 1960s and 1970s at a biological station. HHE Program investigators took samples of carpet that were thought to have been contaminated with pesticide and took wipe samples from surfaces. Yellow stains were seen on carpet, walls, and unsealed concrete floors. The carpet had been installed over unsealed concrete. Pesticide was found on the carpet and wipe samples from areas that were visibly stained. HHE Program investigators recommended that the stained carpet be removed and that the concrete slab floor be cleaned and sealed prior to the installation of new flooring. Walls that had visible stains should be cleaned, sealed, and repainted. Investigators also measured temperature, relative humidity, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide and checked the heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning system in the offices and laboratory. Room air flowed from the offices into the workshop which helped keep potentially contaminated air from entering the office space. The exhaust fan in the laboratory solvent storage room was not always turned on which allowed air to flow into the nearby laboratory. This fan should be run continuously to reduce the amount of solvent vapors that can enter nearby work areas. Investigators recommended that the employer stop sampling soil and concrete that may have been contaminated during past spills. Employees were encouraged to wash their hands with soap and water after handling pesticides and avoid touching surfaces that are visibly stained. Employees should not go into offices while wearing clothes, shoes, or materials that may have pesticides on them. Investigators also recommended that the employer notify all employees about plans to renovate the building and follow up with employees after projects are completed to ensure that these activities have eliminated visible pesticide contamination on carpet, floors, and walls.

关键词：农药污染；健康危害；公共卫生；污染；生物站

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The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Office of Research and Development (ORD) has overall responsibility for the Environmental Technology Verification (ETV) Program and for the Verification of Pesticide Drift Reduction Technologies project under the Environmental and Sustainable Technology Evaluation's (ESTE) Program. The EPA's Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP) is a major contributor to the project. Management and testing of pesticide drift reduction technologies (DRTs) will be performed in accordance with procedures and protocols defined by a series of Air Pollution Control Technology Center (APCT Center) quality management documents.

关键词：农药；空气污染控制；农作物；风洞试验；色散关系；减少农药漂移技术(DRTs)；空气污染控制技术

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The USGS is investigating the occurrence and distribution of pesticides in water resources of the Nation as part of the NAWQA Program and NASQAN. The two programs differ somewhat in their scope, objectives, and implementation plans (Gilliom and others, 1995; Hooper and others, 1997).

关键词：农药；地表水；地下水；水质；水污染

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In 1999 and 2000, the U.S. Geological Survey National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program conducted a national pilot study of pesticides and degradates in drinking-water supplies, in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). William H. Harsha Lake, which provides drinking water for several thousand people in southwestern Ohio, was selected as one of the drinking-water supplies for this study. East Fork Little Miami River is the main source of water to Harsha Lake and drains a predominantly agricultural basin. Samples were collected from the East Fork Little Miami River upstream from Harsha Lake, at the drinking-water intake at Harsha Lake, at the outfall just below Harsha Lake, and from treated water at the Bob McEwen Treatment Plant. These samples were analyzed using standardized methods developed for the NAWQA Program. The purpose of this report is to provide information about pesticides and pesticide degradates in East Fork, Harsha Lake, and treated drinking water supplied by Harsha Lake. Water samples were collected from March 1999 to September 2000. The report presents a comparison of pesticide concentrations in untreated lake water and treated drinking water and a qualitative assessment of the effect of the November 1999 switchover from powdered activated carbon (PAC) to granular activated carbon (GAC) treatment on the concentration of pesticide compounds in treated lake water.

关键词：农药；水污染监测；饮用水；水治疗；供水水库；水文条件；气候模式；季节性模式

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The use of pesticides and fertilizers contributes to U.S. agricultural productivity and helps ensure a generally stable, plentiful, and inexpensive food supply. However, these chemicals may also harm human health, water quality, and food safety. The U.S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA) National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) collects, analyzes, and disseminates Agricultural Chemical Usage (ACU) data to meet regulatory, business, and other informational needs. In fiscal years 2007 through 2009, NASS substantially scaled back the ACU program before restoring it in 2010. GAO was asked to examine (1) what factors NASS considered in reducing the ACU program; (2) how ACU data users were affected by the temporary cutback, and their views on the data's quality and usefulness; and (3) the extent to which agricultural pesticide and fertilizer usage data are available from sources other than NASS. GAO reviewed relevant NASS documents and interviewed NASS officials as well as 25 selected ACU data users.

关键词：农药；农产品；食品供应合作协议；数据采集；化肥

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