Pesticide contamination of groundwater is a major concern in agricultural areas. Of the many remediation technologies developed in the last decade, zero-valent iron is among the most studied. Nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI), with its unique properties and high surface area, enhances many of the advantages of traditional iron remediation. Unfortunately, studies comprehensively examining the utility of iron nanoparticles for pesticide remediation are lacking. The intent of this work is to survey the effectiveness of iron nanoparticles for several common chlorinated pesticides and to comprehensively study the reaction kinetics.Specifically, this study examined the effectiveness of iron nanoparticles for the treatment of the herbicides alachlor, atrazine, dicamba and picloram. Iron nanoparticles were synthesized by the borohydride reduction method and characterized using transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) specific surface area analysis. The resulting particles had an average diameter of 35 nm and a N2-BET specific surface area of 25 m(2) g(-1). Of the compounds studied, only alachlor degraded in the presence of nZVI. The surface area normalized pseudo first-order rate constant (kSA) for alachlor dechlorination by nZVI was found to be 38.5 x 10(-5) L h(-1) m(-2) (R(2) = 0.999). The primary reaction by-product was identified as dechlorinated alachlor. The effect of ionic strength was also examined. The results suggested that nZVI might be a viable option for both site remediation and low volume, high concentration pesticide waste treatment.

关键词：农药；地下水；污染；水减轻污染；废物处理；反应动力学；建模

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2013年1-10月，我国石油和化工行业总体呈现平稳发展态势。从主要运行指标来看，投资方面，石化行业投资额平稳增长，石油加工业和油气开采业投资形势继续向好；生产方面，三大子行业增加值增速均有所上升，原油产量、加工量以及成品油产量均有好转趋势，化工行业产量增速走势分化；需求方面，石油行业需求稳中有升，化工行业需求企稳；价格方面，原油价格环比下跌，化工产品价格有涨有跌；进出口方面，原油进口量大幅减少，成品油出口增速大幅提高，进口增速有所下滑。

关键词：石油；化工；运行指标；原油；成品油；需求；价格

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The landscape, hydrology, and ecology of Lake Wales Ridge, central Florida, are unique in many respects. The Ridge is the highest and most prominent topographic feature in peninsular Florida and contains one of the largest collections of rare and endangered species in the United States (Dobson and others, 1997), one of the highest concentrations of endemic species in North America (Martin, 1998), and more than 200 lakes, most of which are seepage lakes with significant ground-water inflow. Lake Wales Ridge (subsequently referred to as the Ridge) is also one of the most intensely cultivated citrus regions in the world, with citrus groves covering about 25 percent (170 square miles) of the land area. Geologically, the Ridge is underlain by highly permeable marine sands forming relict Miocene-Holocene paleoislands which support some of the oldest ecologic communities in Florida. Ground water and surface water are closely linked in this region where ground-water inflow contributes more than 80 percent of the net water input to some lakes (Sacks and others, 1998). Ground water is the primary drinking-water supply in this region. The unconfined surficial aquifer supplies drinking water for some rural wells, and recharges water to the underlying Upper Floridan aquifer which is the primary municipal water supply.

关键词：农药；硝酸盐；水质污染；湖泊；地下水

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In assessing the potential health risks associated with exposure to pesticides, attention has historically focused on single pathways of exposure (e.g., from pesticide residues in food, water, or residential/nonoccupational uses) for individual chemicals, and not on the potential for individuals to be exposed to multiple pesticides by all pathways concurrently. In 1996, the Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) imposed upon the Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP) the requirement to consider potential human health risks from all pathways of dietary and nondietary exposures to more than one pesticide acting through a common mechanism of toxicity. This document provides guidance to OPP scientists for evaluating and estimating the potential human risks associated with such multichemical and multipathway exposures to pesticides. This process is referred to as cumulative risk assessment.

关键词：农药；毒性；风险评估；剂量反应；累积风险

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Children of agricultural workers are at risk of pesticide contamination through secondary routes (e.g. take-home pathway). Animal and human studies suggest that pesticide intoxication in early childhood delays growth and neurodevelopment.

关键词：农药；儿童

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PESP is a voluntary program that fosters partnerships with pesticide users, educators, and related organizations who engage in reducing potential health and environmental risks associated with pests and pesticide use and in implementing pollution prevention strategies. PESP members are organized into one of four groups (according to pesticide use where people Live, Work, Play, and Farm) and progress through three tiered steps (Bronze, Silver, and Gold) to achieve the maximum benefit in the program. PESP members distinguish themselves as stewardship leaders in their respective fields of business and practice.

关键词：农药；环境风险；健康风险；害虫防治；污染防治

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关键词：农药；水资源；土地利用；水污染抽样；降解；回归分析；

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On August 28, 2008, at about 10:35 p.m., a runaway chemical reaction occurred inside a 4,500 gallon pressure vessel known as a residue treater, causing the vessel to explode violently in the methomyl unit at the Bayer CropScience facility in Institute, West Virginia. Highly flammable solvent sprayed from the vessel and immediately ignited, causing an intense fire that burned for more than 4 hours. The fire was contained inside the Methomyl-Larvin insecticide unit by the Bayer CropScience fire brigade with mutual aid assistance from local volunteer and municipal fire departments. The incident occurred during the restart of the methomyl unit after an extended outage to upgrade the control system and replace the original residue treater vessel. Two company employees who had been dispatched by the control room personnel to investigate why the residue treater pressure was increasing were near the residue treater when it ruptured. One died from blunt force trauma and burn injuries sustained at the scene; the second died 41 days later at the Western Pennsylvania Burn Center in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Six volunteer firefighters who assisted in the unit fire suppression activities and two contractors working at the facility were treated for possible toxic chemical exposure.

关键词：农药；化学爆炸；杀虫剂；有毒化学物质

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The Washington Department of Agriculture (AG) requested that the Washington Department of Health (DOH) evaluate whether the United States Geological Survey (USGS) health-based water screening levels (HBSLs) for the pesticides azinphos methyl, pendimethalin, and s-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate (EPTC) are appropriate benchmarks for identifying whether these three pesticides, if found in Washington groundwater or surface water, might pose a possible health risk. DOH agreed to do this evaluation by comparing the USGS HBSLs to standard health benchmarks for water, if they exist. DOH's work was done in support of the Clean Water Fund contract between AG and the Washington Department of Ecology (Ecology).

关键词：农药；健康咨询；水污染监测；农产品；有毒物质；地下水；生态

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Field replicate water samples ('field Replicates') collected for the U.S. Geological Survey National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program during 1992 to 1997 were used to assess the variability of pesticide detections and concentrations in environmental water samples collected from the surface and ground-water-quality networks of the NAWQA Program. Field replicates are two or more identically collected, processed, and analyzed environmental water samples that are used to assess the overall variability of field and laboratory procedures. Variability is the degree of random error in independent measurements of the same quantity and is the opposite of precision-the degree of mutual agreement. Information on variability can be used to estimate the reproducibility of individual measurements, the concentration needed to be assured of exceeding a water-quality standard, and the likelihood that two measurements of water quality are different.

关键词：农药；水质

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