In assessing the potential health risks associated with exposure to pesticides, attention has historically focused on single pathways of exposure (e.g., from pesticide residues in food, water, or residential/nonoccupational uses) for individual chemicals, and not on the potential for individuals to be exposed to multiple pesticides by all pathways concurrently. In 1996, the Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) imposed upon the Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP) the requirement to consider potential human health risks from all pathways of dietary and nondietary exposures to more than one pesticide acting through a common mechanism of toxicity. This document provides guidance to OPP scientists for evaluating and estimating the potential human risks associated with such multichemical and multipathway exposures to pesticides. This process is referred to as cumulative risk assessment.

关键词：农药；毒性；风险评估；剂量反应；累积风险

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Children of agricultural workers are at risk of pesticide contamination through secondary routes (e.g. take-home pathway). Animal and human studies suggest that pesticide intoxication in early childhood delays growth and neurodevelopment.

关键词：农药；儿童

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PESP is a voluntary program that fosters partnerships with pesticide users, educators, and related organizations who engage in reducing potential health and environmental risks associated with pests and pesticide use and in implementing pollution prevention strategies. PESP members are organized into one of four groups (according to pesticide use where people Live, Work, Play, and Farm) and progress through three tiered steps (Bronze, Silver, and Gold) to achieve the maximum benefit in the program. PESP members distinguish themselves as stewardship leaders in their respective fields of business and practice.

关键词：农药；环境风险；健康风险；害虫防治；污染防治

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关键词：农药；水资源；土地利用；水污染抽样；降解；回归分析；

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On August 28, 2008, at about 10:35 p.m., a runaway chemical reaction occurred inside a 4,500 gallon pressure vessel known as a residue treater, causing the vessel to explode violently in the methomyl unit at the Bayer CropScience facility in Institute, West Virginia. Highly flammable solvent sprayed from the vessel and immediately ignited, causing an intense fire that burned for more than 4 hours. The fire was contained inside the Methomyl-Larvin insecticide unit by the Bayer CropScience fire brigade with mutual aid assistance from local volunteer and municipal fire departments. The incident occurred during the restart of the methomyl unit after an extended outage to upgrade the control system and replace the original residue treater vessel. Two company employees who had been dispatched by the control room personnel to investigate why the residue treater pressure was increasing were near the residue treater when it ruptured. One died from blunt force trauma and burn injuries sustained at the scene; the second died 41 days later at the Western Pennsylvania Burn Center in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Six volunteer firefighters who assisted in the unit fire suppression activities and two contractors working at the facility were treated for possible toxic chemical exposure.

关键词：农药；化学爆炸；杀虫剂；有毒化学物质

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The Washington Department of Agriculture (AG) requested that the Washington Department of Health (DOH) evaluate whether the United States Geological Survey (USGS) health-based water screening levels (HBSLs) for the pesticides azinphos methyl, pendimethalin, and s-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate (EPTC) are appropriate benchmarks for identifying whether these three pesticides, if found in Washington groundwater or surface water, might pose a possible health risk. DOH agreed to do this evaluation by comparing the USGS HBSLs to standard health benchmarks for water, if they exist. DOH's work was done in support of the Clean Water Fund contract between AG and the Washington Department of Ecology (Ecology).

关键词：农药；健康咨询；水污染监测；农产品；有毒物质；地下水；生态

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Field replicate water samples ('field Replicates') collected for the U.S. Geological Survey National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program during 1992 to 1997 were used to assess the variability of pesticide detections and concentrations in environmental water samples collected from the surface and ground-water-quality networks of the NAWQA Program. Field replicates are two or more identically collected, processed, and analyzed environmental water samples that are used to assess the overall variability of field and laboratory procedures. Variability is the degree of random error in independent measurements of the same quantity and is the opposite of precision-the degree of mutual agreement. Information on variability can be used to estimate the reproducibility of individual measurements, the concentration needed to be assured of exceeding a water-quality standard, and the likelihood that two measurements of water quality are different.

关键词：农药；水质

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Mining chemicals are specialty chemicals that are used for the mining of explosive and drilling chemicals, mineral processing, water & waste treatment, and other applications. Some of the major mining chemicals that are widely used are ammonium nitrate, petroleum distillate, sulfosuccinate surfactant, alkyl xanthate salt, and alkyl aryl oxime. Mining chemicals are used in different types of mining process, such as coal mining, as well as metal and mineral ore mining. Explosives and drilling is the largest application area for mining chemicals. Moreover, coal mining is the major end-user industry for explosive and drilling chemicals. Mineral processing is the second largest application area for the mining of chemical products. Iron ore, copper ore, and other mineral ores are the major end-users for these chemicals. Finally, mining chemicals are also widely used for water and waste treatment purposes.

关键词：采矿化学品；金属；矿石开采；炸药；钻井

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The California Department of Pesticide Regulation's (DPR's) Pesticide Use Report (PUR) is probably the largest and most complete database on pesticide use in the world. A system to collect information on pesticide use in California has been in operation in some form for over 50 years, with the current use reporting system started in 1990. The PUR contains information on nearly all production agricultural pesticide use and some nonagricultural use in California. The data collected include the pesticide product used, the date it was applied, the particular field treated, and application location to a square-mile section. Production agricultural use includes applications to growing crops, agricultural fields, and most applications to forest trees and ornamental turf. Other pesticide uses reported to DPR include post-harvest commodity treatments, right of way, landscapes, structural use, and other nonagricultural uses by commercial applicators. Because of the importance of the PUR for many groups and individuals, it is critical that the database be an accurate and complete as possible.

关键词：农药；杀虫剂；使用

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What follows is a summary of publicly available USGS data for pesticide concentrations in surface water and sediments within the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta region from the years 1990 through 2010. Data were retrieved though the USGS National Water Information System (NWIS) database, a publicly available online-data repository (U.S. Geological Survey, 1998), and from published USGS reports.

关键词：农药；地质调查；水文数据

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