Cast iron is an alloy of iron and carbon; it is hard, brittle, and non-malleable. The concentration of carbon varies from 2% to 5%. The alloy has lower melting temperature and requires less refining when compared with steel, which has a typical carbon content of 0.5%.The various types of iron alloys widely used for casting include gray iron, ductile iron, and malleable iron.

Computer numeric control (CNC) machining centers are based on the principle of using computer-based machine tools for various industrial machinery, such as lathes,grinders, mills, and routers. CNC machining centers are equipped with automatic tool changers and a table to hold the product firmly in place during the process.Vertical machining centers are used in high precision work and widely adopted in the automotive and aerospace industries. These centers are gaining popularity across a broad range of industries due to their low cost. Vertical machining centers are seeing tremendous improvement in terms of performance in the last few years due to continuous advances in technologies. These factors will drive the demand for vertical CNC machining centers during the forecast period.

Horizontal machining centers are configured with a spindle placed in horizontal orientation, facilitating uninterrupted manufacturing. A two-pallet work changer can be attached on one side of the work surface, while the CNC machining center is at work with another workpiece at a different surface. Gravity pulls the workpiece out from the machine after completion, allowing lesser clean-up time and longer tool life.The CNC horizontal machining centers have the capability of performing machining operations on objects thrice the size of those handled by vertical machining centers.

Food warming tray is an equipment used to warm various food items at different temperatures. It consists of flat warming surface made up of various material, and mostly come with thermostat temperature control.To calculate the market size, only countertop electric warming trays were considered. In addition to this, heated shelves and buffet warmers (warming tray with serving pans) were also considered. Warmer drawers, warmer cabinets, heated lamps, buffer server with lamp, hot plates, and hot and cold shelves were not included in the scope.

中法英德印研究燃油车退出，未来 5-10年全球新能源汽车加速发展 全球知名车企加快布局电动汽车，大众、奔驰、宝马、沃尔沃、韩国现 代等，纷纷表示要在未来 5-10年大力发展电动汽车，到 2020-2025年期间， 新能源汽车销量目标要占年度汽车总销量的 10-25%，更长期看可以提高 至 40-50%，而目前全球新能源汽车的年销量渗透率估计仅为 1%，但以 英国、德国、法国、中国为主的汽车大国纷纷表示制定禁售燃油汽车的 时间表，电动汽车成长空间 10倍以上。 

报告期内，长江钴价格下跌 2.78%至 43.75 万元/吨，MB 钴（高级） 价格下跌 1.44%至 29.175 美元/磅，MB 钴（低级）价格上涨 1.06%至 28.65 美元/磅。据中国海关，7 月份我国钴湿法冶炼中间品进口量为 8619 吨，环 比大幅降 68%；钴精矿进口量为 10125 吨，环比降 9%。国内环保控制严 格，且当月水灾、高温天气致下游生产商减产，市场需求走弱，未来钴精矿、 钴湿法冶炼中间品进口或继续减少。关注标的：华友钴业、寒锐钴业、洛阳 钼业。

A car rack consists of a set of bars mounted on the roof, hitch, or trunk of a car that secures bikes and skiing equipment for transportation. It acts as an anchor, which supports and securely holds many items, amplifying the luggage-carrying capacity of a car.These racks are specialized for mounting bikes, water sports equipment, skis, and boats. While some vehicles come with factory-installed car racks as standard, others can be purchased and fit with aftermarket parts. They can be fit either temporarily or permanently.

A tripod is used over a campfire or fire pit to hang different cooking equipment over the fire. These tripods are equipped with a chain to hold the pot or grillers. It can be raised to the desired height over the fire to fine-tune the cooking temperature. It helps in efficient and even cooking and is lighter in weight than a fire grill. In addition to the table grates and swivel grills, campfire tripods have become largely popular cooking equipment among campers.With grate and without grate tripods are the two types of camp fire tripods.

中国经济在过去的2016年以“稳中求进”的总基调砥砺前行，围绕转型升级和供给侧结构性改革不断发力，经济发展的新旧动力正在转换。2017年中国经济将延续上述趋势，同时还将在结构性调整方面进一步加大力度。受此影响，中国机床工具消费市场和产业运行呈现出将进一步深化调整的特征和趋势。下面从国内外市场情况、产业主要领域运行状况和对2017年的展望几个方面对发展形势进行分析。