This study is composed of the following sections: (1) collection and measurement of ambient fine particles during the intensive field campaign, (2) factor analysis for source apportionment, (3) identifying particle clusters using cluster analysis, and (4) studying formation mechanisms of the SOA components. We measured chemical composition of submicron particle mass (PM1) and sub 2.5 micron particle mass (PM2.5) using a set of complementary, ensemble, and single particle analysis techniques, including Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Aerosol Mass Spectrometry (AMS), and scanning transmission X-ray microscopy with near edge absorption fine structure (STXM-NEXAFS). Positive matrix factorization (PMF) was used to extract major components that contributed to the organic mass. Cluster analysis applied to the ensemble infrared spectra, the single-particle mass, and NEXAFS spectra separated particles into several groups, each of which has characteristics of distinct sources or atmospheric processes. By showing the consistency of particle source types (from factor analysis) and clusters, we indicate that SOA accounts for a major fraction of fine particle mass. Based on the composition and diurnal cycle of the SOA components and their relationships with potential atmospheric oxidants, formation mechanisms of the SOA components were estimated.

关键词：大气；碳氧化合物；空气污染

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The Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) has released a report that discusses possible human exposure and environmental emissions associated with making and using concrete manufactured with baghouse filter dust.

关键词：大气；粉尘；混凝土防护

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Impedance/admittance control algorithms are considered as key technologies in human-robot interaction and other fields of advanced robotics where complex physical interaction plays role. In this chapter, we utilize a Tensor Product (TP) Model Transformation based method to derive the delay and stiffness dependent polytopic LPV representation of the impedance controlled physical interaction. The applied transformation method is feasible with bounded delay that is the non-linear function of the environmental stiffness. Thus, the ideal transformation space is non-rectangular that makes it improper for the TP model transformation. We propose a dimensionless parametrisation to define a rectangular grid upon witch the transformation is viable. The resulted model form is promptly appropriate for the modern multi-objective LMI based control design techniques.

关键词：互动机器人；LPV/ qLPV造型；阻抗控制

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The welding process results in the formation of high concentrations of nano-sized particles loaded with toxic metals such as hexavalent chromium (Cr6+), nickel (Ni), and manganese (Mn). Welding fumes pose serious health risks to welders because fumes can cause respiratory and neurological ailments as well as cancer. Tightened occupational standards require an exposure reduction of at least 90% that is not satisfied by current control technologies. There is also potential public concern about the environmental risks associated with the release of welding fumes into ambient air.The overall objective of this demonstration was to develop an innovative silica precursor technology that can limit the oxidation of chromium by quenching oxygen species and coating metal particles in welding fumes with a thin, amorphous silica layer. An additional objective was to assess the benefit of increased particle size distribution. The demonstration verified the feasibility and practicality of implementing silica precursor technology into DOD welding operations.Silica precursor technology was demonstrated to be an effective means of controlling metal emissions in welding fumes. The two-fold approach of limiting oxidation potential and coating metal particles with an amorphous silica layer goes beyond previous control technologies by addressing all the toxic metals,regardless of their oxidation state. This project demonstrated, through both a laboratory study and field tests, the benefits of adding silica precursor during the welding process.

关键词：大气；硅添加剂；有害空气

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This is the final report for the closure of the research tasks on the project that have performed during the entire reporting period in the University of Illinois. It contains a summary of the achievements and details of key results as well as the future plan for this project to be continued in the University of Maryland.

关键词：大气；空气质量；天气预报

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This document contains 9 papers that study algorithmic development and preliminary testing of an ecodrive application; comparative analysis of car-following models for emissions estimations; comparisons of locomotive emissions during dynamometer versus rail yard engine load tests; the ratio of in-vehicle to near-vehicle exposure concentrations of airborne fine particles; and, emission benefits of commercial vehicle lane management strategies. This issue also studies environmentally conscious highway design for vertical grades; a fuel consumption prediction model for buses; discretionary passenger vehicle idling behaviors by season and trip stage; and, a statistical study of variables associated with particulate matter exposure levels at bus shelters.

关键词：大气；空气报告；交通拥挤

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This paper proposes a method of motor-position acquisition from hall sensors installed on the mover of linear synchronous motor. The sensors are combined to Dual-rate sampling observer to estimate motor speed and position. Then this paper describes a design method of speed and position controllers for smooth transition between alternating speed and position control. And the parameters of speed controller are variable with motor speed.

关键词：直线同步电机；双速率采样观测；位置和速度控制器；霍尔传感器

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The terminal sliding mode (TSM) control method has become a hot topic in recent years due to its special merit on finite-time convergence and good robustness. One critical issue is how to balance the singularity of control law and the fast convergence of closed-loop system. The chapter reviews the research history of the singularity and introduces the recent advance on nonsingular and fast terminal sliding mode (NFTSM) control method. The synthesis of NFTSM controller synthesis is based on a newly proposed nonsingular fast terminal function and a terminal attrac-tor with nonnegative exponential coefficient. Both theoretical analyses and computer simulations have proved its effectiveness under the condition that plant uncertainties are bounded.

关键词：终端滑模；控制方式；非负指数系数

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An unprecedented challenge of the new generation launch vehicle control is its four parallel strap-on engines are oscillateable by the servomechanism. It increases the manoeuvrability of the vehicle and the control complexity simultaneously. The chapter investigates actuator failure compensation for new generation launch vehicle control. A control reconfiguration scheme of fault-tolerant control is developed to enhance the reliability of launch vehicle attitude control systems and prevent the control invalidation caused by the deadlock of the oscillating actuator, based on the congruity of the composite moment before and after the failure happens. This reconfiguration scheme is capable of utilizing the remaining control authority to achieve the desired performance in the presence of deadlock at certain detectable angle occurring in one or several actuators at unknown time instants.

关键词：启动车辆；容错性；控制重配置；姿态跟踪

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Air Conditioner (AC), Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) are the basic needs of modern society. Some parameters in AC system (other than cooling inside room area), if not controlled, may cause discomfort to the occupants. These parameters could be excess of CO_2, humidity and alike, accumulated in the room. Two major concerns about the conventional controls include: (1) Wastage of energy due to variation in load changes and external disturbances, and (2) Accumulation of CO_2 inside closed room. If the refrigeration load and capacity of plant remains constant then there may be no need to opt for a new control strategy. However in practice, the two parameters do fluctuate. In order to resolve the above two concerns, efforts were made by the authors to design and implement Type 1 Fuzzy Inference System (Type 1 FIS)-commonly known as Fuzzy Expert System. Environment Friendly-the term used in the chapter relates to reduction in CO_2 level in the room resulting in partial indoor air pollution control. The detailed control instrumentation used in fuzzy logic control is the integral part of the chapter.

关键词：空调（AC）；采暖通风与空调；控制器

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