This chapter introduces the Internet of Intelligent Things (IoIT), the future Internet of Things (IoT) with significant intelligence added to "things". We discuss the importance of Artificial Intelligence approaches to enable such Intelligent Communication Networks. Nowadays, sensor networks are becoming a reality, especially for remote monitoring of events in fields such as healthcare, military, forest integrity or prediction of seismic activity in volcanoes. Intelligent devices and sensors are also appearing, besides electronic home appliances and utilities, as gadgets to mobile phones or tablets. And some of these devices have capability to actuate on the world. This chapter is focused on surveying current approaches for the Internet of all these intelligent things connected and communicating. It addresses artificial intelligence techniques employed to create such intelligence, and network solutions to exploit the benefits brought by this capability.

关键词：智能物联网；互联网；通信；人工智能

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Multi-robot systems are a major research topic in robotics. Designing, testing and deploying in the real world a large number of aerial robots is a concrete possibility due to the recent technological advances. The first section of this chapter treats the different aspects of cooperation in a multi-agent systems. A cooperative control should be designed in terms of the available feedback information. A cascade-type guidance law is proposed, followed by consensus approach and flocking behavior. Since information flow over the network changes over time, cooperative control must react accordingly but ensure group cooperative behavior which is the major issue in analysis and synthesis. Connectivity and convergence of formations are also studied. Team approach is followed by deterministic decision making. Plans may be required for a team of aerial robots to plan for sensing, plan for action or plan for communication. Distributed receding horizon control as well as conflict resolution, artificial potentials and symbolic planning are thus analyzed. Then, association with limited communications is studied, followed by genetic algorithms and game theory reasoning. Next, multi-agent decision making under uncertainty is considered, formulating the Bayesian decentralized team decision problem, with and without explicit communication. Algorithms for optimal planning are then introduced as well as for task allocation and distributed chance constrained task allocation. Finally, some case studies are presented such as reconnaissance mission that can be defined as the road search problem or the general vehicle routing problem. Then, an approach is considered to coordinate a group of aerial robots without a central supervision, by using only local interactions between the robots. The third case is the optimization of perimeter patrol operation. If an aerial robot must be close from a location to monitor it correctly and the number of aerial robots does not allow covering each site simultaneously, a path planning problem arises. Finally stochastic strategies for surveillance are presented.

关键词：多机器人系统；通信；滚动时域控制

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In recent decades, optical LOS communications such as flag semaphore or flashing light have atrophied to the point where, if they are required, U.S. Naval forces are at a distinct disadvantage. RF communications have become critical to nearly all operations, but this capability comes at the cost of disclosing the location of operations. Depending on the platform, these RF communications can become a critical vulnerability. EMCON attempts to minimize this vulnerability through the elimination of any RF emissions from a ship, but communication requirements in recent years have essentially prevented a complete suppression of RF emissions. This work proposes mitigating emissions vulnerability by utilizing a new method of optical communications at LOS visual ranges reminiscent of flag semaphore. Tactical QR code communications streaming digital data through optical signaling has the potential to provide tactical communications at a moderate range, allowing critical communications to be relayed to and from off-ship platforms. Additional technological advances can be used to overcome current range, security, reliability, and throughput barriers. This project demonstrates how a combination of essential technical capabilities can be used to establish a QR code communications system as a potentially useful approach for tactical operations.

关键词：光通信；信号；信息隐藏；编码；通信和广播系统;

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This chapter presents a selection of potential deployment and application scenarios for Cognitive Radio (CR). The chapter goes beyond a simple review of scenarios by considering the viewpoints of several key players in wireless communication research and applications: regulators, standardisation bodies, researchers from the engineering and economic/business communities, industrial partners and companies. In this framework, two key issues related to scenario definition are addressed: (1) An analysis of players that determine the evolution of scenarios, including both technical and economic/business aspects; (2) Study of approaches for classification of CR deployment scenarios, with the aim of identifying a set of elements that allow creating taxonomy capable of fitting existing and new scenarios relevant to CR and SDR. The chapter opens with an overview of CR scenarios proposed by ITU-R in Sect. 2.1. It is followed by Sect. 2.2 that describes the CR use cases envisaged by ETSI. Section 2.3 offers examples of CR scenarios developed in several research projects. The impact of different regulatory and environmental conditions on application scenarios is addressed in Sect. 2.4, which provides a comparison between feasible scenarios in India and Finland. Section 2.5 highlights the issue of growing spectrum demand for mobile services and suggests how the CR may be positioned to help meeting that demand. This is followed up in Sect. 2.6 which provides analysis of upcoming mobile scenarios in Europe focusing on the concept of Licensed Shared Access as defined based on activities carried out in ETSI and CEPT. Next, the chapter moves on to aspects related to planning and classification of scenarios. Section 2.7 proposes a scenario planning methodology aiming to support planning and classification of scenarios for CR and to help identify relevant business models. Section 2.8 proposes an approach to the definition of a taxonomy of CR application scenarios, aiming at fitting present and future applications in a coherent framework. Finally, Sect. 2.9 offers an example of very practical application scenario for deployment of White Space Devices in TV Bands as established by a harmonised European standard EN 301 598.

关键词：认知无线电；移动方案；通信

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This book describes circuit engineering efforts for modern mobile communication. Electronic circuits for latest mass applications like mobile phones and smart phones are realized as so-called systems on chip (SoC). Such SoCs are realized in nanometer CMOS technology and contain a lot of digital circuits for digital signal processing but they also contain analog circuits which often form the key devices for a good over-all performance. The importance of analog filters nowadays is often underestimated. They are, however, still necessary to obtain high-performance wireless receivers and transmitters. In fact, progress in CMOS technology and circuit design allows the revolution in modern mobile communication. Every ten years, a new mobile phone generation is introduced. Recently, LTE (Long Term Evolution) was started by telecom companies to form the 4th generation of mobile phones. Up to 100 Mbit/s are possible with LTE for downloads, which is a much higher data rate than with HSPA+.

关键词：移动通信；电子电路；数字信号；无线接收机

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Abstract Cognitive radio has become one of the most promising solutions for addressing the spectral under-utilization problem in wireless communication systems. As a key technology, spectrum sensing enables cognitive radios to find spectrum holes and improve spectral utilization efficiency. To exploit more spectral opportunities, wideband spectrum sensing approaches should be adopted to search multiple frequency bands at a time. However, wideband spectrum sensing systems are difficult to design, due to either high implementation complexity or high financial/energy costs. Sub-Nyquist sampling and compressed sensing play crucial roles in the efficient implementation of wideband spectrum sensing in cognitive radios. In this chapter, Sect. 6.1 presents the fundamentals of cognitive radios. A literature review of spectrum sensing algorithms is given in Sect. 6.2. Wideband spectrum sensing algorithms are then discussed in Sect. 6.3. Special attention is paid to the use of Sub-Nyquist sampling and compressed sensing techniques for realizing wideband spectrum sensing. Finally, Sect. 6.4 shows an adaptive compressed sensing approach for wideband spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks.

关键词：无线电；无线通信系统；宽带频谱感测

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This chapter presents selective gossip which is an algorithm that applies the idea of iterative information exchange to vectors of data. Instead of communicating the entire vector and wasting network resources, our method adaptively focuses communication on the most significant entries of the vector. We prove that nodes running selective gossip asymptotically reach consensus on these significant entries, and they simultaneously reach an agreement on the indices of entries which are insignificant. The results demonstrate that selective gossip provides significant communication savings in terms of the number of scalars transmitted. In the second part of the chapter we propose a distributed particle filter employing selective gossip. We show that distributed particle filters employing selective gossip provide comparable results to the centralized bootstrap particle filter while decreasing the communication overhead compared to using randomized gossip to distribute the filter computations.

关键词：迭代信息交换；通信；滤波器

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Digital communications have evolved to meet the demand of consumers for increasing access to Internet browsing, TV, Video on Demand, interactive games, and social networking. This data rate increase is achieved by using advanced signal processing techniques, more complex modulations, and wider signal bandwidths. Therefore, high-performance receivers, able to capture wide-bandwidth signals, are required for high-end consumer communication and infrastructure equipments. For instance, this includes Cable and Satellite home gateways, cellular infrastructure transceivers, and white-space spectrum sensing.

关键词：Olivier Jamin

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The next frontier in sensor networks is sensing the human society. Human interaction, with technology and within mobile communities provides enormous opportunities to provide new paradigms of user communication. Traditionally, communication in computer networks has focused on delivering messages to machine identities. Each host is uniquely addressed, and network protocols aim to find routes to a given machine identity efficiently. While this framework has been proven successful in the past, it is questionable whether it will be sufficient in the era of social networking and mobility. As we envision the emergence of mobile terminals tightly coupled with their users and thus reflect the behavior and preferences of the users, it is beneficial to consider an alternative (and complementary) framework: Could user behavior be collected and summarized as a representation of the user's interest, and be leveraged as a way to guide message delivery? In this chapter, we elaborate on this possibility, discussing user behavior trace collection, representation, and pioneering works on behavior-aware mobile network protocols. This proposed new framework is to be used mainly as an alternative of the IP (routing) layer in the Internet today and provides a new mechanism for network message routing. However, as opposed to the current routing schemes (e.g., IP) which address each host with a unique ID, in this new framework it is the behavior descriptors of the hosts, not its identities, to be used as the target for a message. Therefore, in behavior-aware routing protocols, messages are destined to a behavior descriptor and it is moved across the network based on comparisons of behavior descriptor of intermediate nodes to the target behavior. Note that a behavior descriptor can map to many potential recipients, or none. This chapter provides a survey of important research work on behavior-aware routing. In this chapter, we motivate and introduce the new paradigm in Sect. 1. In Sect. 2, we introduce the goal of behavior-aware routing and its challenges. We then introduce a framework, namely TRACE, to discuss the steps involved in the design of social behavior-aware routing. We also give examples from the literature to explain what each step involves. The most important task in this paradigm is to summarize and represent node behavior in a succinct form, in such a way that the new representation can be used in place of node identities (e.g., addresses) for routing. We then provide examples for various behavior-aware routing protocols from the literature in Sect. 3. Important research topics in this area for further study are discussed in Sect. 4. Section 5 concludes the chapter.

关键词：传感器网络；移动终端；通信

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As discussed in the previous chapter, Low Power Communication is the key to realization of a low power sensor node. Since sensor nodes require only low data rate communication, it might sound intuitively clear that they should also naturally be low power. After all, if a node does less work, it should also consume lesser power. But somehow this doesn't seem to fit the behavior for low data rate communication, short range radios. If we look at existing radio designs at various data rates and ranges, we see that the design space occupied is very wide. There are designs that operate at very high (～100 Mbps) data rates and designs that operate at low data rates (～100 Kbps). There are designs that take wall supply, consuming a few watts of power, while some work on batteries. If one looks at energy per bit requirements of these designs, while some designs operate at hundreds of nJ/bit, some other designs exist consuming only 0.1 nJ/bit (Fig. 2.1). Now if we plot the range over these designs and examine how they should scale according to the energy/ bit requirements we should see radios working at low data rates while consuming few microwatts of power, as required by sensor networks. These designs do not exist. The reasons there aren't any designs in this space requires us to consider the consequences of scaling traditional design as we go for lower and lower data rate. Since Shannon's law governs the limit on the energy efficiency of radio communication and link margin vis-a-vis the channel capacity, it makes sense to have a closer look at it and then see what constraints typical radio architectures have that prevent power from scaling in low data rate applications.

关键词：低功耗通信；传感器；无线电；信道

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