Particle emissions of a diesel car fueled with coal to liquids (CTL) on road were tested.The particle number and size distribution were mainly studied.Three typical roads were adopted in this test, including urban arterial roads, secondary roads and freeways.The results show that transient particle number of the car has a corresponding relationship with the vehicle speed.With the speed increasing, the number of both nucleation mode particles and accumulation mode particles increase continuously.With the CTL blend ratio increasing, the number of nucleation mode particles and accumulation mode particles decreases, especially accumulation mode particles whose size are more than 100nm diameter.With the CTL blend ratio increasing, the particle numbers in the three typical roads show downward trends, especially on freeways.It shows that the CTL fuel can distinctly reduce the exhaust particle number of diesel cars on road.

关键词：柴油汽车;煤液体;道路;粒子排放

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In this paper, on-board Measurements of particle emissions were carried out on a VW diesel car in Shanghai real roads.The test fuels included pure petroleum diesel (D100) and three different alternative fuel blends, 10％ biodiesel blend (BD10), 10％ coal-to-liquid fuel blend (C10) and 10％ gas-to-liquid fuel blend (G10) in volumetric mixture ratio.Results showed that particle emissions in freeways were terrible, and particle number emission ratios from urban roads were high.The test alternative blend fuels of BD10, Bul0, G10 and C10 all have positive effects on the particle emissions of test diesel car.

关键词：柴油汽车；替代燃料；车载测量；道路类型；粒子排放

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This report discusses light-vehicle crash countermeasure profiles and functions for five target pre-crash scenario groups based on vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications. Target pre-crash scenario groups include rear-end, lane change, opposite direction, junction crossing, and left turn across path from opposite direction (LTAP/OD) crashes involving at least one light vehicle (e.g., passenger car, van, minivan, sport utility vehicle, or light pickup truck with a gross vehicle weight rating of 10,000 pounds or less). There are 10 pre-crash scenarios in these groups to be addressed by V2V-based crash countermeasures. Kinematic equations are presented for the time-to-collision and avoidance maneuvers to identify information needs for these crash countermeasures. Information needs are translated into countermeasure functional requirements based on relevant safety applications devised in two prior research projects dealing with cooperative V2V communications and autonomous vehicle-based sensing systems. This report identifies two target pre-crash scenarios that would require new safety applications not developed in prior projects, including the LTAP/OD and opposite direction/no vehicle maneuver pre-crash scenarios.

关键词：避免崩溃;车辆安全通信系统;事故减少;对策;信息需求

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Recently the convergence of IT Services is using much information. Fusion of vehicle information technology and IT services are developing very fast. In this paper is about car insurance service used vehicle information and user information. In this paper, the car insurance service is convergence that vehicle information and user information. We propose accident service, eco-driving service, breakdown service based on the information collected from the vehicle.

关键词：汽车保险;OBD;车辆信息

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Fuel may be taxed to cover the environmental costs associated with fuel consumption by road vehicles. Fuel taxation represents a large source of government revenue, especially in Europe and particularly in France. Furthermore, different levels of fuel taxation often have been used as a way to support an industrial sector. In France, the main fuel tax is lower for diesel fuel than for gasoline. From an environmental viewpoint, several studies show that gasoline is overtaxed and diesel fuel is undertaxed. But from the users' viewpoint, diesel-powered cars are appealing: they are more fuel-efficient, and their fuel is cheaper (at least in France and several other European countries). However, diesel cars are more expensive to purchase, partly because automakers capture part of the expected gains. A change in the fuel taxation levels thus is expected to affect how households and businesses choose engine types, and in response, automakers would change their pricing strategies. The expected outcome is undetermined. Insights into this question are given by using French data to model the demand and the supply sides of the car market. Expected long-term outcomes of different taxation schemes are given at the car fleet level for France. A 60increase in the diesel fuel tax would bring about a decrease in the dieselization rate at the fleet level from 64to 45between 2011 and 2030 and a decrease in overall carbon dioxide (CO_2) emissions of passenger cars by 3.5, whereas a scheme including a decreased gasoline tax could bring about an increase in CO_2 emissions.

关键词：汽车；柴油；汽油；尾气排放；建模

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This chapter deals with the problem of fitting curves to data points, a classical optimization problem in Computer-Aided Geometric Design (CAGD). This issue plays an important role in real problems such as construction of car bodies, ship hulls, airplane fuselage, and other free-form objects. A typical example comes from reverse engineering where free-form shapes are extracted from clouds of scanned data points. In this chapter we address this issue by applying a powerful bio-inspired method called Artificial Immune Systems (AIS). The AIS can be understood as a computational methodology based upon metaphors of the biological immune system. As such, there is not one but several AIS algorithms. In this chapter we focus on the clonal selection algorithm (CSA), which explicitly takes into account the affinity maturation of the immune response. This algorithm is applied to fit Bezier curves to given sets of data points. Some illustrative examples show the good performance of our approach.

关键词：生物免疫系统；克隆算法；离散贝塞尔曲线；仿生学

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A publication of recent energy statistics, this publication includes total energy production, consumption, and trade; energy prices; overviews of petroleum, natural gas, coal, electricity, nuclear energy, renewable energy, and international petroleum.

关键词：能源；生产；价格；煤炭；电力；核能源；石油；天然气；统计数据

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Intrahousehold interactions in travel are fundamental to an understanding of activity travel behavior, as reflected by the substantial percentage of regional travel that is made jointly. The development of travel demand models that incorporate intrahousehold interactions is crucial to a credible analysis of traveler response to policies. A tour-based modeling framework is used to examine intrahousehold interactions in travel mode choice with a focus on public transport use in households having differences in car availability. An important distinction is made between car-sufficient households (in which there are at least as many cars in the household as license holders) and car-negotiating households (households that have fewer cars than license holders). Intrahousehold interactions and temporal-spatial constraints are explicitly represented by different patterns of joint household tours, with home-based tours as the unit of analysis. The empirical analysis is based on a nested logit model that was developed to integrate intrahousehold interactions with tour-based mode choices; Sydney Household Travel Survey data are used. The results show that joint household travel accounts for more than half of weekday home-based tours in Sydney, Australia. The arrangement of joint household tours is shown to depend on household context, situational factors, and social constraints. Mode choice associated with different joint tour patterns is influenced by household and individual characteristics, tour attributes, and transport-related fringe benefits.

关键词：汽车；旅游；交通；模型

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Carsharing allows members to benefit from private vehicle use without the costs and responsibilities of ownership and provides individuals with access to a fleet of shared-use vehicles in a network of locations on a short-term, as-needed basis. This paper seeks to develop a stochastic optimization framework to address the dynamic vehicle allocation problem for carsharing systems, in which the service operator needs to manage and determine the optimal vehicle allocation in both time and space to maximize profits. A multistage stochastic linear programming model with recourse, which can account for system uncertainties such as car-sharing demand variation, is formulated and solved. Numerical results are discussed and computational insights are presented on the basis of a seven-stage experimental network pilot study.

关键词：合伙用车；信息系统；车辆分配；管理

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These events are designed to (1) enhance public awareness of the airport; (2) stimulate interest in and growth of the airport and aviation; (3) foster community support; (4) provide community benefits; and (5) possibly generate revenue for the airport or community/ charitable organization. Aeronautical special events include air shows, fly-ins, airport open houses (if aircraft are on display), aircraft static display, EAA Young Eagles or Eagle Flight events, or community appreciation events involving aircraft. Nonaeronautical events, such as car shows, 5K or 10K runs, concerts, terminal dedications, or pancake breakfasts with no fly-in component, have similar requirements for planning and organizing; however, only aeronautical events and the unique considerations involved are addressed in this report. Although these events can provide tremendous benefits for the airport and the local community, they require extensive planning, frequently commencing a year or more in advance of the event.

关键词：机场,航空,飞机,航空;社区;管理计划和控制

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