In medicine, especially in basic education, it may sometimes be inappropriate to integrate real patients into classes due to ethical issues that must be avoided. Nevertheless, the quality of medical education may suffer without the use of real cases. This is especially true of medical specialties such as legal medicine: survivors of a crime are already subjected to procedures that constitute a severe emotional burden and may cause additional distress even without the added presence of students. Using augmented reality based applications may alleviate this ethical dilemma by giving students the possibility to practice the necessary skills based on virtual but nevertheless almost realistic cases. The app "mARble?" that is presented in this paper follows this approach. The currently available learning module for legal medicine gives users an opportunity to learn about various wound patterns by virtually overlaying them on their own skin and is applicable in different learning settings. Preliminary evaluation results covering learning efficiency and emotional components of the learning process are promising. Content modules for other medical specialties are currently under construction.

关键词：网络学习；移动增强现实；医学教育；医药

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This chapter reviews our strategy for optimization of polycationic structures to improve siRNA delivery and reduce carrier toxicitiy. Improvement in carrier design is realized by modulating the number of repeating aminoethylene (RA) units in the side chain of a poly(aspartamide) derivative (PAsp(R)). Results reveal that the number of RA units in the PAsp(R) side chains affects their protonation behavior between extracellular and endosomal pHs in a distinctive "odd-even" manner. PAsp(R)s with even-numbered RA units induce acidic pH-responsive membrane disruption based on substantially increased protonation at the endosomal pH of 5.5. Ultimately, PAsp(R) with 4 RA units in each side chain demonstrated excellent transfection of siRNA due to accelerated endosomal escape as well as stable siRNA complexation.

关键词：聚阳离子结构；siRNA

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DSM is a product from a combination of energy economy and power economy, and a set of theoretical frames have been formed. DSM has established a new concept that energy saved at the demand-side is taken as a kind of substitutable resource of the supplier between energy development and energy conservation as well as between modern business profit mode and environmental protection. That means DSM also a kind of resource as the fifth electric power energy [1-4] excluding hydraulic power energy, thermal power energy, nuclear power energy, and renewable energy. The core concepts in DSM theory can be classified into basic concept type, evaluation index type, and evaluation method type, referred to in Table 2.1 [1-6].

关键词：节能；DSM；能源效率；负荷管理

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In living organisms, many processes are executed through tightly regulated networks of multi-component macromolecular complexes. Knowledge of structure and dynamics of such assemblies is essential to understanding their biological mechanisms. Solid-state NMR spectroscopy is a prime method for studying macromolecular assemblies, at atomic-level resolution, particularly in systems that are insoluble and lack long-range order. In this report, we review the contemporary magic-angle-spinning (MAS) NMR methods for investigation of proteins assemblies. We describe the progress in multidimensional correlation spectroscopy, recoupling, and decoupling techniques. We discuss emerging methods for recording spectra at MAS frequencies of 40 kHz and faster. We review techniques for sensitivity enhancement and fast data collection. We address isotopic labelling approaches to alleviate spectral congestion, facilitate assignments, and highlight specific intra- and intermolecular interactions. Finally, we present recent case studies on exciting and challenging systems, including assemblies of bacterio-phages and HIV-1 proteins, cytoskeleton-associated proteins, gas vesicles, type Ⅲ secretion system, and protein-RNA complexes.

关键词：医药；蛋白质组件；固态核磁共振

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The mirage of modern medicine (to use Rene Dubos's image) is one facet of the dream of progress as increasing material comfort and mastery over nature, a dream that is drifting into nightmare. The expansionist mindset strives for the gradual and eventually perfect victory over disease, disability, and perhaps even over aging and death. While in this dream state, medicine remains oddly oblivious to the large-scale constraints of ecosystems.

关键词：现代医学；医药；疾病；生态系统

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This research aims to create a generalized methodology assessing energy and cost reductions from CO2 based DCV and then apply it to a specific facility at multiple locations. This research creates a generalized methodology for future researchers to follow based on the present body of knowledge. The model application then applies this methodology to one of the Department of Energy's (DOE) commercial benchmark facility models. The selected DOE model is a small office building with single zone HVAC air systems, assessing DCV impact on energy consumption and costs for 52 United States locations. Although the model application is not life cycle cost effective for the building modeled, it successfully identifies which areas experience the greatest cost and energy savings from DCV.

关键词：节能；二氧化碳；空调设备；通风；寿命周期成本

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Genetic testing for personalizing pharmacotherapy is bound to become an important part of clinical routine. To address associated issues with data management and quality, we are creating a semantic knowledge base for clinical pharmacogenetics. The knowledge base is made up of three components: an expressive ontology formalized in the Web Ontology Language (OWL 2 DL), a Resource Description Framework (RDF) model for capturing detailed results of manual annotation of pharmacogenomic information in drug product labels, and an RDF conversion of relevant biomedical datasets. Our work goes beyond the state of the art in that it makes both automated reasoning as well as query answering as simple as possible, and the reasoning capabilities go beyond the capabilities of previously described ontologies.

关键词：药理学；药物基因组学；本体论；医学信息；医药

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This chapter addresses the early detection and isolation of sensor faults in a systematic and unified way and illustrates the approach on wind turbine simulation data. Three problems are successively considered: individual signal monitoring, fault detection and isolation (FDI) in redundant sensors, and FDI based on analytical redundancy. In all three cases, a specific approach to generate fault indicators, also called residuals, is presented and combined with an online statistical change detection/isolation algorithm. The considered case studies consist of wind turbine generator speed monitoring, as well as FDI in the stator current and voltages of a wind-driven doubly fed induction generator. For the latter problem, the fact that the three-phase signals are balanced allows one to determine a simple signal model from which a multiobserver scheme is designed for residual generation.

关键词：传感器；传感器故障检测和隔离；统计变化检测/隔离算法

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Cytotoxic treatments for cancer remain highly toxic, expensive, and variably efficacious. Many chemotherapy regimens are never directly compared in randomized clinical trials (RCTs); as a result, the vast majority of guideline recommendations are ultimately derived from human expert opinion. We introduce an automated network meta-analytic approach to this clinical problem, with nodes representing regimens and edges direct comparison via RCT(s). A chemotherapy regimen network is visualized for the primary treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). Node and edge color, size, and opacity are all utilized to provide additional information about the quality and strength of the depicted evidence. Historical versions of the network are also created. With this approach, we were able to compactly compare the results of 17 CML regimens involving RCTs of 9700 patients, representing the accumulation of 45 years of evidence. Our results closely parallel the recommendations issued by a professional guidelines organization, the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN). This approach offers a novel method for interpreting complex clinical data, with potential implications for future objective guideline development.

关键词：医药；计算方法；数值分析；计算机辅助；数据解读

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The orvinols, including buprenorphine, emerged from research carried out by Reckitt and Colman in the 1960s and 1970s. Regulatory approval of buprenorphine for the treatment of opioid addiction has been a major success and has ultimately led, in part, to its analgesic activity now being fully exploited. As buprenorphine's unique clinical profile is documented, efforts continue to rationalise this activity through understanding of its receptor pharmacology. This has included the development of new orvinols with mixed mu and kappa opioid receptor agonist activity and others with efficacy at mu and NOP receptors, the latter of particular interest for the development of new analgesics. Orvinols with mu and kappa antagonist activity, coupled with NOP receptor partial agonism have also been developed and have potential for the treatment of polydrug abuse.

关键词：丁丙诺啡；医药；药物成瘾；临床

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