Systems for re-annotations of DNA microarray data for supporting analysis of results of DNA microarray experiments are becoming important elements of bioinformatics aspects of gene expression based studies. However, due to the computational problems related to the whole genome browsing projects, available services and data for re-annotation of microarray probes are still quite sparse. The difficulty in developing systems of re-annotations of microarray probe sets is mainly in huge sizes of probe set data. That's why we decided to create a effective tool for re-annotation task that will be able to work with such data and could be applied to any species. In our research we have created an efficient re-annotation method by combining the well known gene search tool BLAT with appropriately designed database. The elaborated system extends possibilities of existing re-annotation tools in the sense that: (1) by tuning parameters of all steps of re-annotation procedure any Affymetrix microarray standard chip can be automatically re-annotated in few hours, (2) several Affymetrix microarray chip standards are already precomputed.

关键词：芯片；微阵列表达数据；分类算法

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Next-generation high-end data processing systems such as Internet switches or servers approach aggregate bandwidth in excess of 1 Tb/s. The task of providing hundreds of individual links as speeds in excess of 10 Gb/s over the link distances becomes increasingly difficult for conventional copper-based interconnect technology. Optical interconnects are foreseen as a potential solution to improve the performance of data transmission on chip, PCB, and system levels. They carry data signals as modulation of optical intensity, through an optical waveguide, thus replacing traditional electrical interconnects. Optical devices can overcome the bottleneck imposed by the limited bandwidth of electronic circuits in areas such as computing, data storage, or telecommunication networks. The basic element of any optical circuit is the optical waveguide, which permits to connect optically different devices. To build integrated optical circuits that substitute micro-electronic circuits, integrated optical waveguides with light confinement in a size of the order of the wavelength are mandatory. Optical waveguides can be classified according to their geometry (planar, strip, or fiber waveguides), mode structure (single-mode, multi-mode), refractive index distribution (step or gradient index) and material (glass, polymer, or semiconductor). They are designed as energy flow only along the waveguiding structure but not perpendicular to it, so radiation losses can be avoided. Usually, optical integrated waveguides rely on the principle of total internal reflection, using materials with low absorption loss. The waveguide cross section should be as small as possible to permit high-density integration, functionally linking devices or systems or implementation of complex functionalities, such as splitters/combiners, couplers, AWGs, and modulators. A wide range of materials can be used, with then-corresponding advantages and drawbacks. Current commercial devices are mostly based on silicon/silica waveguides, Ⅲ-Ⅴ compounds, and lithium niobate waveguides. Silicon waveguides offers the possibility of mass-manufacturing and a high level of integration, which would result in cheaper chips. Novel materials such as photonic crystals can provide advantages to fulfill the requirements for high-density photonic integration. This chapter will review fundamentals and design guides of optical waveguides, including state-of-the-art and challenges, fundamental theory and design methodology, fabrication techniques, as well as materials selection for different level waveguide components and integration structures.

关键词：芯片电路；集成光波导；光约束

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Embedded memory plays a big role in digital systems applications due to the increase of the data size required by many of these applications, such as video games and communication protocols. Also, the ever-increasing gap between processor speed, main memory, and bus speed (memory wall) creates a need for more on-chip memory to keep the processor busy and increase throughput. In addition to the increase of processor frequency, the integration of many cores or functional units on the same chip, which is referred to as system on chip (SOC), requires larger memory size. Embedded memory compromises more than 50 % of the chip area and greater than 80 % of transistor counts. Increased process variation due to technology scaling and the desire for high density memory results in a big challenge to meet the stringent requirements on performance, power, and yield. Embedded memory does not only play a positive role in system performance, but it also has an impact on yield, timing, and power. Memory organization and early decision made by system level and architecture group have big influence on the role and the impact the memory has on the overall system. Tradeoffs from memory cell type, array organization, memory hierarchy, Design for Test, and overall memory subsystem have to be considered early on.

关键词：系统芯片；高密度存储器；性能优化

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The previous examples show the use of nanomaterials in biosensing due to their high surface to volume ratio, ability to detect the analyte from small volumes, and large signal to noise ratio, especially the wireless nanosen-sors that transfer message through the mobile. Moreover, nanosensors exhibit fast response time due to their high sensitivity toward the target substance. The trend towards the use of nanomaterials for biosensing applications in the present time describes the possible outcome of nano-chips in the near future containing different nanostructures that will be used for the detection of various analytes at the same time. This is possible by using the same nanomaterial containing different independent single nanocrystals on the same chip, and these can be functionalized separately with different biosensitive materials, detecting their respective target analytes simultaneously.

关键词：纳米晶体；共同芯片；生物灵敏度

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When an electric field is applied to a dielectric material, it will induce a change in the material's polarization. The consequent changes in the entropy and/or temperature of the material are referred to as the electrocaloric effect (ECE). The ECE may provide an efficient means to realize solid-state cooling devices for a broad range of applications such as on chip cooling and temperature regulation for sensors and electronic devices, provided that materials with large ECE can be developed. Refrigeration based on the ECE approach is more environmentally friendly and hence may also provide an alternative to the existing vapor-compression approach.

关键词：电子芯片冷却；温度调节设备；聚合物

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We proposed a reconfigurable architecture for networks-on-chip (NoCs) on which arbitrary application-specific topologies can be implemented. Since entirely different applications may be executed on a SoC at different times, the on-chip traffic characteristics can vary significantly across different applications. However, almost all existing NoC design flows and the corresponding application-specific optimization methods customize NoCs based on the traffic characteristics of a single application. The reconfigurability of the proposed NoC architecture allows it to dynamically tailor its topology to the traffic pattern of different applications.

关键词：芯片；NoC架构；拓扑结构

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Smart grid has become a revolution to our lives. Energy meters provide the basic information of smart grid, including active power/reactive power/apparent power and corresponding energy, RMS values of voltage and current, harmonic information, etc. The meter computes all these items and communicates with other meters or the gateway [1,2]. Therefore, the integrated circuit chips inside the meter must have the ability to accomplish all these functions.

关键词：电路芯片；智能电网；低功率

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The new generation of microprocessors incorporates a huge number of cores on the same chip. Graphics processing units are an example of this kind of architectures. We analyze these architectures from a theoretical point of view using the K-model to estimate the complexity of a given algorithm defined on this computational model. To this end, we use the K-model to derive an efficient realization of two popular algorithms, namely prefix sum and sorting.

关键词：微处理器；多核芯片；数据算法

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Image processing and analysis are two important aspects of DNA microarrays, since the aim of the whole experimental procedure is to obtain meaningful biological conclusions, which depend on the accuracy of the different stages, mainly those at the beginning of the process. DNA microarray images are obtained by scanning DNA chips at high resolution and are composed of sub-grids of spots. Although in many cases, based on the layout of the printer pins, the number of sub-grids or spots are known, due to misalignments, deformations, artifacts, or noise while producing the microarray images, these data may not be accurate or available. In this chapter, the gridding problem in DNA microarray images is addressed. In this direction, different methods for separating sub-grids and identifying spot centers in DNA microarray images are reviewed. Conceptual and experimental comparisons of some of these methods are also discussed.

关键词：DNA芯片；高分辨率；sub-grids斑点

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The ability to perform laboratory operations on a small scale using miniaturized lab-on-a-chip (LOC) devices is a promising biosensing technique. The advantages of LOC are the small time of analysis, the low reagent costs, and the reduced amount of chemical wastes. The application of portable, easy-to-use, and highly sensitive LOC biosensors for real-time detection could offer significant advantages over current analytical methods. Integrated optics-based biosensors have become the most suitable technology for LOC integration due to their ability for miniaturization; their extreme sensitivity, robustness, and reliability; and their potential for multiplexing and mass production at low cost.

关键词：生物传感器；芯片；控制技术

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