Nitro-infused beverages are drinks that have been infused with nitrogen gas. The infusion of nitrogen gas into beverages gives them (beverages) a creamy, smooth texture and a rich, velvety mouthfeel. Nitrogen is less soluble in liquid than carbon dioxide, so the bubbles created are smaller and more stable, contributing to the unique texture. Nitro infusion is a commonly used technique in coffee, beer, and tea. They are often served on tap, similar to draft beer, to maintain the effect of nitrogen infusion and are known for their distinctive, frothy consistency.

Filtration systems are used in the food and beverage industry for clarifying products, removing spoilage microorganisms, and stabilizing products and other applications, which in turn, ensure the quality of edible products.

啤酒属于大众品，天然具备规模天花板，多元化发展能够为企业打破 天花板实现企业规模的持续增长。由于啤酒属于大众品，受制于人口总量、结构以及经济发展等要素，经过一段时间的发展，销量通常会面临“增量 转存量”的局面，此时厂商通常会推动高端化战略寻求产品结构升级下的二次增长机会，但由于规模不断加大，增速不可避免将放缓。部分企业为了实现总体业绩的持续增长，通常会推动多元化发展战略寻求第二曲线，本次我们主要对日本两大啤酒企业的创新和多元化发展战略进行了研究，我们发现两大日本啤酒企业的多元化业务都始于原有啤酒业务的遇到天花板前做的布局准备和铺垫。

Coffee pods refer to the convenient-to-use, single-serve ground coffee portions that are either pre-packaged in filter papers (coffee pods) or in plastic or aluminum cups (coffee capsules). They are primarily available in three varieties such as soft coffee pods, hard coffee pods, and capsules.

Coffee creamer is a cream substitute for milk or milk powder, which is used in coffee or tea extracts, chocolate beverages, and other food preparations. Coffee creamers are vastly available, as per consumers' tastes and lactose tolerance abilities, in dairy and non-dairy versions. Dairy coffee creamers contain lactose, and non-dairy coffee creamers are lactose-free. In addition, they are low in calories, come in a variety of tastes, are plant-based, nutritious, and contain natural ingredients like almond and soy.

Coffee creamer is a cream substitute for milk or milk powder, which is used in coffee or tea extracts, chocolate beverages, and other food preparations. Coffee creamers are vastly available, as per consumers' tastes and lactose tolerance abilities, in dairy and non-dairy versions. Dairy coffee creamers contain lactose, and non-dairy coffee creamers are lactose-free. In addition, they are low in calories, come in a variety of tastes, are plant-based, nutritious, and contain natural ingredients like almond and soy.

Bottled water refers to drinking water packaged in glass or plastic bottles. Some bottled water is carbonated, while others are not. The scope of the report includes carbonated bottled water, still bottled water, and flavored/functional bottled water.

寻找包装水竞争格局演变的底层逻辑。我们复盘包装水行业近20年4次竞争格局之变，分别为2005-2009年、2010-2011年、2012- 2015年、 2016-2021年，总结2点共性规律: 1)竞争格局呈现周期性变化，往往由宏观需求周期、品类周期、成本周期以及龙头策略共振引发; 2)无论竞争周期如何变动，最终结果均是行业集中度提升，其中农夫山泉与华润怡宝能够穿越多轮周期。