This dissertation explores the multifaceted interplay between efficient computation and prob-ability distributions. We organize the aspects of this interplay according to whether the randomness occurs primarily at the level of the problem or the level of the algorithm, and orthogonally according to whether the output is random or the input is random.

关键词：有效计算；概率分布；随机性；输入；输出；算法；查询复杂性

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As the complexity of machines and architectures has increased, performance tuning has become more challenging, leading to the failure of general compilers to generate the best possible optimized code. Expert performance programmers can often hand-write code that outperforms compiler-optimized low-level code by an order of magnitude. At the same time, the complexity of programs has also increased, with modern programs built on a variety of abstraction layers to manage complexity, yet these layers hinder efforts at optimization. In fact, it is common to lose one or two additional orders of magnitude in performance when going from a low-level language such as Fortran or C to a high-level language like Python, Ruby, or Matlab. General purpose compilers are limited by the inability of program analysis to determine programmer intent, as well as the lack of detailed performance models that always determine the best executable code for a given computation and architecture. The latter problem can be mitigated through auto-tuning, which generates many code variants for a particular problem and empirically determines which performs best on a given architecture. This thesis addresses the problem of how to write programs at a high level while obtaining the performance of code written by performance experts at the low level. To do so, we build domain-specific embedded languages that generate low-level parallel code from a high-level language, and then use auto-tuning to determine the best performing low-level code. Such DSELs avoid analysis by restricting the domain while ensuring programmers specify high-level intent, and by performing empirical auto-tuning instead of modeling machine parameters. As a result, programmers write in high-level languages with portions of their code using DSELs, yet obtain performance equivalent to the best hand-optimized low-level code, across many architectures. We present a methodology for building such auto-tuned DSELs, as well as a software infrastructure and example DSELs using the infrastructure, including a DSEL for structured grid computations and two DSELs for graph algorithms. The structured grid DSEL obtains over 80% of peak performance for a variety of benchmark kernels across different architectures, while the graph algorithm DSELs mitigate all performance loss due to using a high-level language. Overall, the methodology, infrastructure, and example DSELs point to a promising new direction for obtaining high performance while programming in a high-level language.

关键词：复杂机器；编译器；DSELs；基础设施；SEJITS；Python；结构化网格计算

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Health and wellness market has wlways been considered as an integral part of the lifestyle of the people in Germany.Maintaining healthy standard of living and enhancing ones presence in the society has always gained the majority of preference in Germany.Recently in the country a trend was witnessed towards nutraceuticals such as vitamins and minerals and herbal supplement.This was perhaps initiated by the desire of the people especially the women segment of the population to subsidize their cosmetics expenditure with the adoption of comparatively less expensive vitamins and minerals and herbal supplements which rejuvenate their skin in a better way without any side effects as compared to chemically treated and formulated cosmetic products.

关键词：化妆品；护发品；护肤品；香水；口牙科保健；彩妆；沐浴露；健康俱乐部

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Tire industry in Japan was ranked second in Asia in 2012,on the basis of total revenues generated domestically.Revenues from the sale of tires in the original equipment and replacement category grew considerably from 2011.The Japanese economy had continued a recovery trend after the global recession in 2008,with the support from the government,bue witnessed a standstill due to the Great East Japan Earthquake,the slowdown of the global economy,and the record appreciation of the yen in 2011.However,large scale and rapid reconstruction activity after the catastrophe and healthy growth in the production of automobiles steered the tires market in Japan forward in 2012.

关键词：亚洲轮胎产业；日本轮胎；废轮胎

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The video rental industry in the US has been segented on the basis of physical and digital movie rental market.Over the years,the contribution of digital video rental market has inclined as compared to physical rentals due to advancement in the technology and shift in the preferences of the customers moving towards digital rentals.Physical video rental market has been further subdivided into brick and mortar stores,kiosks,subscription and by-mail rental market,out of which, the contribution of kiosks has showcased an increasing trend over the last few years from CY'2008-CY'2012,whereas Digital movie rental market, a combination of cable and digital video on demand(VOD),subscription and internet VOD recorded a phenomenal growth in market share relative to physical rentals.

关键词：美国；录像租赁；物理录像；数字录像

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There is a huge market for health and wellness products and services in the UK because of the rising health consciousness and understanding of the advantages of a healthy lifestyle,incorporating healthy eating habits and physical activity into the daily routine.This market has attracted mainstream audience.Awareness about the ill-effects of harmful chemicals on the skin has attracted customers towards organic or herbal cosmetics and supplements in the recent years.Everybody is tending towards products which are herbal and free from chemicals,parables and others.It has been observed that people do not prefer to cut their expenses on means to look beautiful inspite of a lower personal disposable income. This industry is a vigorous market and has a great growth potential as it depends on customer choice and preference which is never static and since everybody has a different taste,it leads to a massive demand for the variet of products,ranging from skin care and colour cosmetics to functional foods and nutraceuticals.

关键词：SPA；化妆品；护发品；护肤品；彩妆；香水；保健品；草本营养；健康俱乐部

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The electronic security industry hosts a gamut of products which are primarily used for monitoring or surveillance, intrusion detection, fire of Carbon Monoxide detection, safe access, contraband detection and others.It also entails a variety of products designed to meet the specific requirements of the homes, commercial spaces such as offices and complexes, public places such as malls and large industries and institutions.The industry draws its revenues primarily from the sales,installation and replacement markets.Additionally,some of the electronic security systems also involve monitoring expenses which are a major source of the increasing recurring monthly revenue(RMR) of the dealers and integrators.

关键词：电子安全；非住宅电子安全；商业电子安全；住宅电子安全；访问控制；视频监控；入侵检测；消防；

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France was amongst the few countries where the concept of health and wellness has developed.The people in France have always been inclined towards healthy living standards,unlike manny other countries across the globe. The health and wellness market in France is combined with the benefits of health clubs,spa,beauty cosmetic products and nutraceuticals.The health and wellness market in France in 2012 was recorded at USD 19,559.7 million which has increased by 3.9% as compared to USD 18,819.8 million in 2011.It was quite astonishing to witness the market perform relatively well in the continuance of the weak economic conditions across the entire European region.This was probably due to the higher preference for healthy living standards and the significant understanding of the wellness benefits amongst the population in the country.

关键词：SPA；化妆品；护发品；护肤品；彩妆；除臭剂；香水；保健品；体育营养；草本营养

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The replacement tire industry in the world has experienced a gamut of activities in the recent years. The trajectory of growth of this industry has been consistent over the years other than a slowdown in the sales of tires on account of the global financial crisis in 2009. The tire industry is one of the industries which is most affected by the recession in 2009 with the decline in the consumer spending, reduction in household wealth, rising fuel prices which result in low vehicle sales. The global replacement tire market has experienced a phenomenal growth from 842.5 million units in 2006 to 1,068.3 million units in 2011. The increase in the replacement tire sales is due to rising demand of the replacement trie in the global market.

关键词：美国；更换轮胎；销售

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The US pharmaceutical industry is the world's largest pharmaceutical industry with market size of USD 318.5 billion in 2010. The pharmaceutical industry mainly consists of drugs and biologics which aid in preventing, diagnosing, improving, treating and curing diseases. Chemically derived drugs are manufactured as pills, tablets, vials, ointments, powders, capsules, suspensions and solutions, while biologics are offered in the form of therapeutic proteins, vaccines, tissues, blood and blood components, anti-sera and others.

关键词：美国；制药；药物；生物制剂

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