Transfer of heat is the exchange of thermal energy between physical objects depending on pressure and temperature. Transfer of heat is based on the principle of the first law of thermodynamics, which states that the total energy of a system is constant and energy can only be altered from one form to another but cannot be created or destroyed. Heat transfer continues until the objects involved in the process reach a phase of thermal equilibrium, i.e., equivalent temperature. Heat transfer fluids are used to avoid overheating or cooling of substances. In a heat transfer process, the fluid is spread through the mechanical parts of the equipment, and by this process, heat is transferred from the higher temperature object to the lower temperature object.

Many types of lasers are available for commercial, medical, research, and industrial uses. They are usually described by different types of mediums, including solid state, gas, excimer, dye, and semiconductor. Lasers are characterized by the duration of laser emission.

A fiber laser is a different form of solid-state laser that uses a medium of fiber covering instead of a shaft. The fiber in fiber lasers uses more surface area to disperse the heat quite easily. The increasing need for compact components in a variety of industries is bringing lasers into applications. Lasers help in the miniaturization process by providing a highly focused beam that can process very small components. This focused beam has the advantage of reducing thermal effects during material processing, enabling easier processing of thinner and more delicate materials compared to other processes. Lasers allow for non-contact processing, so there is no tooling wear, and the beam can be quickly manipulated at a precise angle, resulting in high throughput processing.

Non-invasive fat reduction treatments are procedures that eliminate excess fat using non-surgical techniques. The main focus of these procedures is to focus on excess fat that is resistant to diet and exercise. Non-invasive fat reduction devices are based on therapies such as ultrasound therapy, low-level laser therapy, and RF therapy. Noninvasive fat reduction procedures can be performed by doctors of all specialties, and are not the domain of plastic surgeons and dermatologists only.

Medical membranes are majorly used for separation of the feed stream. The feed stream is passed through the membrane, which allows selective constituents to pass through, depending on its pore size, whereas others are stopped back on the surface of the membrane. The elements that pass through are known as permeate and the ones that are retained back are known as concentrate. Different types of membranes are used in the medical industry depending on the size of their pores. There are different types of membrane filtration technologies such as ultrafiltration, microfiltration, reverse osmosis, and nanofiltration. Other membrane technologies like membrane contractors, electro dialysis, and pervaporation are also used, but their market shares are smaller.

The global popcorn machine market will witness an increase in demand with the rise in consumption of homemade popcorn. Increased product developments in terms of new flavors and packaging are helping vendors to penetrate the market. People have started buying popcorn in larger quantities and and at a greater frequency. In 2014, the US dominated the global popcorn market and accounted for 60% of the retail sales. The demand for popcorn as a healthy snack alternative is driving the market in North America. Also, there is a rise in demand for popcorn in emerging countries in APAC, where consumers snack regularly, and have preference for local flavors. As the market for popcorn grows, the global popcorn machine market will also see a surge in demand from consumers in the residential sector.

The demand for soy desserts has increased owing to soy's numerous health benefits. Soy desserts are rich in fiber and a great source of proteins and nutrients, such as vitamin B and omega-3 fatty acids. Food products containing soy protein serve as alternatives to meat and other animal-based products that contain cholesterol and saturated fat. Soy is also known for its ability to reduce blood cholesterol levels. In addition, soy milk is gaining immense popularity among lactose-intolerant people, and it significantly contains less fats and cholesterol, carbohydrates when compared to dairy milk. Soy desserts, a product of soy milk, mainly include soy-pudding, soy cream, soy pies and soy cakes, soy pastries, and soy cheesecake.

The global fashion industry can be divided into mass market and luxury fashion. While mass category of products is targeted at the middle- and lower-income class, the luxury category of products is targeted at the upper-income class. The broad categories of income-level classes remain the same across regions and countries. However, the income level in USD terms varies from country to country depending on the country’s economic factors.

A beginner microscope falls under the category of simple optical microscopes or magnifying toy microscopes and are used by students in primary and secondary schools. In comparison with compound microscopes, beginner microscopes are low power, low-cost instruments that have limited resolving power and application. The end-users of these microscopes are children in the age group of 6-12 years.