Fresh foods, especially fruits and vegetables, usually have a shelf life of a few days, after which they are unfit for consumption. The canning process enables storage of such foods for longer periods. It involves heating food packed in containers to high temperatures to destroy the microbes that cause deterioration. This also locks in the nutrients and prolongs shelf life. Canned fruits can be transported to different regions where they are not grown. Consumers thus have the option of trying a wide assortment of fruits, which would not be possible if not for canning. Canned fruits are therefore gaining popularity despite being a more expensive alternative to fresh fruit.

Cosmetic preservatives are substances added to cosmetic formulations to avoid spoilage caused by the growth of micro-organisms. Generally cosmetic preservatives are used in cosmetic products that contain water, like gels, creams, and lotions. Water acts as a breeding medium for yeast, fungus, bacteria, and molds, which can spoil the product and cause mild to severe side-effects on the user.

The past century has seen the dominance of fossil fuels as the chief source of energy. Among these fuels, crude oil is a key commodity that controls nearly all aspects of the energy business. Crude oil is a mixture of compounds primarily composed of carbon and hydrogen in varying proportions, with the presence of inorganic compounds such as nitrogen, sulfur, and metals such as vanadium and mercury. Crude oil is found in specific rock formations known as reservoirs in the earth's crust. The depth at which these reservoirs occur can vary significantly, from pools that flow up to the surface to almost 15,000-meter underground. The surface is drilled to reach the pre-defined depths of these reservoirs that contain crude oil, often referred as black gold.

B2B media refers to the communication channel between the vendors and their customers. For a B2B vendor, the customer cannot necessarily be a consumer. Business organizations constitute the customers of B2B vendors and require a different media mix to get business from them. For instance, if a vendor has to pitch in for hydraulic hose pipes, an engineer from the company will bring his engineering experience into the discussion to justify the decision to the superiors, who work in the same field. In contrast, the home owner will care little about the technicalities in the manufacturing of hose pipes that are being used in the garden.

Affinity chromatography is a separation method that utilizes the specific binding interaction between an immobilized ligand and its binding partner for separation and purification. Boronate affinity chromatography is based on the boronate functional group and used for the selective separation and molecular recognition of cis-diolcontaining compounds in industries like healthcare, pharmaceutical, and biotechnology.

The pharmaceutical industry employs blister packaging to pack medicines and small medical devices as it reduces production time and offers increased product protection. The adoption of this packaging solution is the highest in this industry because of rapid growth in the demand for tamper-evident and convenient packaging. Blister packaging protects solid dose pharmaceuticals from oxygen, moisture, odor and also enhances shelf life. Blister packaging will gain popularity because of its flexibility to the unit-dose format with high visibility, expanded label content, and implicit track and trace features.

Sludge is a blend of liquid and solid wet mud-like components generated during the treatment of wastewater. It is viscous in nature. It contains water, natural materials, chemicals, and microorganisms including pathogens. The sludge produced by different industries include pollutants (heavy metals, pathogens, and organic pollutants) and compounds of agricultural value (organic waste, phosphorus, potassium, nitrogen, calcium, magnesium, and sulfur). The treatment of sludge depends on the pollution load of the treated water, and the characteristics of the sludge depend on the wastewater treatments undertaken.

Security of data and financial assets have been a key concern for banks as well as for customers. Numeric keypads, keys, and identity badges were widely used to prevent unauthorized access to data and premises. With technological advancements, twofactor authentication was introduced, where individuals could gain access to secure premises after they are authenticated twice, via hardware devices and numeric codes. However, hackers can gain access to hardware devices and obtain numeric codes, which increases the security risks, especially in the BFSI sector.