Base oils are refined base stocks that are used to manufacture automotive and industrial lubricants, oils, greases, rubber products, and white and paraffin oil. Base oils are relatively more polar in nature than paraffinic oils, and therefore, have exceptional cooling and low-temperature properties. Lubricants are used to minimize friction and wear and tear between surfaces. Most lubricants consist of 70% lubricant oil and up to 30% chemical compounds known as additives.

Polyalphaolefins are the most prevalent synthetic base oils used in industrial and automotive lubricants. It's a synthetic hydrocarbon (SHC) that replicates hydrocarbons since it is available in a branched structure. There are no ring structures, double bonds, sulfur, nitrogen components, or waxy hydrocarbons in polyalphaolefins. Due to the lack of these structures and materials, a non-polar base oil with a high viscosity index, excellent low-temperature flow and pour-point characteristics, strong oxidation stability, and compatibility with mineral oils, paints, and seals that are usually found in lubricating oil systems is produced. PAOs do not contain lighter, more volatile (small) hydrocarbons due to their regulated structure. This reduces their volatility and hydrocarbon emissions from tailpipes and elevates the flash point.

Establishments described in this report are primarily participating in the transmission sales market.

Establishments described in this report are primarily participating in the technical textile market. A technical textile is a textile product manufactured for non-aesthetic purposes, where function is the primary criterion. Technical textiles include textiles for automotive applications, medical textiles, geotextiles, agrotextiles, and protective clothing.

Establishments described in this report are primarily participating in the vehicle electrification market. Vehicle electrification is the process of powering the vehicle by electricity, replacing vehicle components that operate on a conventional energy source with components that operate on electricity.

The connected car ecosystem consists of a vehicle equipped with certain V2X, the infrastructure that contains it, and the network infrastructure that the vehicle and the infrastructure use to communicate with each other. Testing equipment covered therefore includes components that are used to evaluate and validate the radio frequency (RF) conformance in the vehicle and the infrastructure, the ethernet embedded in the automobile, and the overall network infrastructure.

Countries such as Germany, China, and the US are at the forefront of regulating commercial deployment of L4 vehicles by 2022, including both autonomous cars and shuttles for passengers.

Transmission is a component inside the vehicle, which is installed to transfer mechanical power from the engine for spinning the wheels. Electric vehicles are generally installed with single-speed transmission. However, leading players in the electric vehicle (EV) transmission market are launching new multi speed transmission with added features for high performance and efficient energy conversion. Electric vehicles with multi-speed transmission offer better performance than single-speed transmission systems in terms of faster acceleration, top speed, gradeability with driving range, and others.

Though not officially recognised by SAE under SAE levels of autonomous driving, L2+ is a new level of autonomy, adopted by the automotive industry, which bridges the capability and requirements gap between Level 2 and Level 3 automated driving. Over the next few years, L2+ is expected to enjoy a larger market share than L2 and L3 have. The higher adoption of L2+ will provide a larger number of consumers, with access to and acceptance of automated driving systems.

VR in cars is still a niche use case. Frost & Sullivan expects that premium vehicles and luxury brands with advanced GPUs and high-compute capabilities will be the first ones to launch in-vehicle VR applications. Manufacturing units and dealer showrooms will continue to use VR to improve the user experience.