Upstream oil and gas operations and production aid in the discovery of deposits, drilling of wells, and the extraction of raw materials from the ground. Companies that extract or produce raw materials oversee upstream oil and gas production. Drilling, exploration, well interferences, well completion, abandonment, and production are all examples of upstream operations that employ oil and gas equipment.

A microgrid is a smaller type of power grid that has its own collection of power generation assets, energy storage equipment, and other distribution equipment necessary to meet local energy needs. A microgrid has the capability to the island/operates with or without being connected to the main power grid, thus making it more resilient and supplying power to critical buildings in the event of a power outage.

Marine and offshore cables refer to specialized cables designed for use in harsh underwater environments, including offshore oil and gas platforms, renewable energy installations like wind farms, and submarine telecommunication networks. These cables are built to withstand extreme conditions such as high pressure, saltwater corrosion, and temperature fluctuations. They are used for power transmission, communication, and control purposes, ensuring reliable operation of offshore infrastructure and global connectivity.

Lithium-ion batteries are rechargeable batteries in which carbon serves as an anode and lithium-ion acts as a cathode. The advantage of using these batteries is that they increase thermal stability, have higher current density, and have a longer shelf life than other battery technologies available in the market. Lithium-ion batteries are used in high-power applications such as HEVs, EVs, and consumer electronics devices. One of the key reasons for this significant growth is the increased adoption of EVs and HEVs worldwide.

固态电池行业：车端应用加速，产业链有望迎来变革－系列报告之三

中国已经成为全球电气化率第一大国，且随着 AI 等新用电需求推动电气化率走高，“十五五”中国用电 CAGR 有望保持 6%+。这也意味着 3 万亿度增量，巨量资源靠传统能源难以满足，解决新能源进一步增长的消纳问题仍是“十五五”能源的主线。我们认为新能源发展会从重视供给转向重视需求，站在满足用电需求的角度来看，新能源有望通过风光储一体化模式，提升为高利用小时、高稳定性和高灵活性的高质量电源。

动力锂电行业：电动重卡市场驶入增长快车道

公用事业行业：风电核电修订增值税政策，绩优与反内卷塑造超额－深度跟踪

中国碳市场_市场扩容,创新产品激发市场活力-碳市场系列研究报告之四