Emergency control, including emergency operation dispatching and automatic emergency control that provides reliability and survivability of the electric power grids plays an important part in controlling the operating conditions of large Electric Power Systems (EPS)s, as introduced in the previous chapter. Emergency control is performed by the technological (dispatching and automatic) control systems that include the automatic systems of voltage, frequency and capacity regulation, basic automatic systems of EPS elements, relay protection and automatic line control, system emergency control.

关键词：紧急控制；急诊手术调度；电力网

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Reducing the environmental impact of facilities and operations has become an important function for many organizations. In many cases, such as utility and fuel use, reducing these impacts can also be coupled to financial savings. The Kansas Department of Transportation (KDOT) has determined that conducting an energy and CO2 audit of its building and vehicle fleets will aid in assessing KDOT energy use, prepare for any future regulations regarding CO2 emissions, and help identify areas for increased savings through reduced use of commercial resources (primarily energy and fuel).

关键词：二氧化碳；环境影响；设施管理

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Much more efforts have been made on the integration of renewable energies into the grid in order to meet the imperative demand of a clean and reliable electricity generation. In this case, the grid stability and robustness may be violated due to the intermittency and interaction of the solar and wind renewables. Thus, in this chapter, advanced control strategies, which can enable the power conversion efficiently and reliably, for both photovoltaic (PV) and wind turbines power systems are addressed in order to enhance the integration of those technologies. Related grid demands have been presented firstly, where much more attention has been paid on specific requirements, like Low Voltage Ride-Through (LVRT) and reactive power injection capability. To perform the functions of those systems, advanced control strategies are presented with much more emphasis on the LVRT operation with reactive power injection for both single-phase and three-phase systems. Other control strategies like constant power generation control for PV systems to further increase the penetration level, and the improvements of LVRT performance for a doubly fed induction generator based wind turbine system by means of hardware protection solutions are also discussed in this chapter.

关键词：可再生能源；电网；低电压

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The main challenges for the deployment of wind turbine systems are to maximise the amount of good quality electrical power extracted from wind energy. This must be ensured over a significantly wide range of weather conditions simultaneously with minimising both manufacturing and maintenance costs. In consequence to this, the fault tolerant control (FTC) and fault detection and diagnosis (FDD) research have witnessed a steady increase in interest in this application area as an approach to maintain system sustainability with more focus on offshore wind turbines (OWTs) projects. This chapter focuses on investigations of different aspects of operation and control of wind turbine systems and the proposal of a new FTC approach to sustainable OWTs. A typical non-linear state space model of a wind turbine system is described and a Takagi-Sugeno (T-S) fuzzy model of this system is also presented. A new approach to active sensor fault tolerant tracking control (FTTC) for OWT described via T-S multiple models. The FTTC strategy is designed in such way that aims to maintaining nominal wind turbine controller without change in both fault and fault-free cases. This is achieved by inserting T-S proportional state estimators augmented with multiple-integral feedback (PMI) fault estimators to be capable to estimate different generator and rotor speed sensors fault for compensation purposes. The material in this chapter is presented using a non-linear benchmark system model of a wind turbine offered within a competition led by the companies Mathworks and KK-Electronic.

关键词：风力发电机组控制；主动容错控制；故障估计

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HEMS are a system of devices which are installed in residential buildings to enable the provision of feedback on electricity consumption patterns and power consumption data for individual appliances.

关键词：家庭能源；能源管理；能源管理系统；HEMS

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A multimeter, also known as a multitester or a VOM, is a type of electronic measurement instrument that incorporates several measurement functions in one compact unit. The most basic features include measurement of.

关键词：万用表；电子测量仪器；功能于一体；模拟；数字

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Generators are backup devices designed to provide temporary AC or DC power using the supplied fuel, which can be gasoline, diesel, or gas.

关键词：便携式发电机；柴油发电机；交流发电机

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DMS are integrated systems that combine various components of the grid. They provide operators with valued information in a single screen to help them make informed decisions from a centralized location. This makes the grid more efficient and reliable as it reduces the frequency of power outages.

关键词：DMS；集成系统；各种组件；效率

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富氧燃烧是控制CO2排放最有效的技术之一.了解富氧燃烧气氛下汞析出形态规律,特别是在煤富氧燃烧气氛下,高H2O和CO2含量对烟气中主要氧化性组分(SO3,SO2,NO,NO2,HCl,O2,CO)间化学反应的作用,以及反应产物和组分与Hg0间的相互影响规律,是解决随着富氧燃烧新技术的应用而出现汞控制问题的关键.对此,本文通过查阅相关文献总结分析发现:由于不同燃烧过程会造成烟气组分不同,Hg0与不同烟气组分间的反应机理以及Hg0的形态转变机制均会对Hg0的控制方式造成根本影响.同时指出,对于富氧燃烧模式下的新烟气构成,在常规煤燃烧烟气组分基础上建立的汞排放规律、机制与机理等可能不再适用。

关键词：富氧燃烧；污染物排放；烟气组分；汞析出形态；氧化机理

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利用固定床反应器装置对李家塔烟煤和锦界烟煤在高浓度CO2气氛下煤焦异相还原NO的反应特性进行了实验研究,考察了反应气氛、制焦气氛、升温速率、煤粉粒径、煤焦中矿物质对煤焦异相还原NO的影响规律.结果表明:反应气氛中高浓度CO2的存在不利于煤焦还原NO;相较N2气氛,高浓度CO2气氛下,反应过程中生成了大量CO,但其并未对NO还原起促进作用;制焦气氛主要影响煤焦的含碳量,而对煤焦反应性的影响较小;升温速率对煤焦还原NO能力的影响较小;煤粉粒径越小其煤焦还原NO能力越强;煤焦中矿物质对煤焦还原NO能力的影响不尽相同,取决于煤焦中矿物质的具体组分。

关键词：锅炉；O2/CO2燃烧；NO还原；煤焦；CO2排放；NOx排放

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