The main challenges for the deployment of wind turbine systems are to maximise the amount of good quality electrical power extracted from wind energy. This must be ensured over a significantly wide range of weather conditions simultaneously with minimising both manufacturing and maintenance costs. In consequence to this, the fault tolerant control (FTC) and fault detection and diagnosis (FDD) research have witnessed a steady increase in interest in this application area as an approach to maintain system sustainability with more focus on offshore wind turbines (OWTs) projects. This chapter focuses on investigations of different aspects of operation and control of wind turbine systems and the proposal of a new FTC approach to sustainable OWTs. A typical non-linear state space model of a wind turbine system is described and a Takagi-Sugeno (T-S) fuzzy model of this system is also presented. A new approach to active sensor fault tolerant tracking control (FTTC) for OWT described via T-S multiple models. The FTTC strategy is designed in such way that aims to maintaining nominal wind turbine controller without change in both fault and fault-free cases. This is achieved by inserting T-S proportional state estimators augmented with multiple-integral feedback (PMI) fault estimators to be capable to estimate different generator and rotor speed sensors fault for compensation purposes. The material in this chapter is presented using a non-linear benchmark system model of a wind turbine offered within a competition led by the companies Mathworks and KK-Electronic.

关键词：风力发电机组控制；主动容错控制；故障估计

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HEMS are a system of devices which are installed in residential buildings to enable the provision of feedback on electricity consumption patterns and power consumption data for individual appliances.

关键词：家庭能源；能源管理；能源管理系统；HEMS

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A multimeter, also known as a multitester or a VOM, is a type of electronic measurement instrument that incorporates several measurement functions in one compact unit. The most basic features include measurement of.

关键词：万用表；电子测量仪器；功能于一体；模拟；数字

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Generators are backup devices designed to provide temporary AC or DC power using the supplied fuel, which can be gasoline, diesel, or gas.

关键词：便携式发电机；柴油发电机；交流发电机

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DMS are integrated systems that combine various components of the grid. They provide operators with valued information in a single screen to help them make informed decisions from a centralized location. This makes the grid more efficient and reliable as it reduces the frequency of power outages.

关键词：DMS；集成系统；各种组件；效率

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富氧燃烧是控制CO2排放最有效的技术之一.了解富氧燃烧气氛下汞析出形态规律,特别是在煤富氧燃烧气氛下,高H2O和CO2含量对烟气中主要氧化性组分(SO3,SO2,NO,NO2,HCl,O2,CO)间化学反应的作用,以及反应产物和组分与Hg0间的相互影响规律,是解决随着富氧燃烧新技术的应用而出现汞控制问题的关键.对此,本文通过查阅相关文献总结分析发现:由于不同燃烧过程会造成烟气组分不同,Hg0与不同烟气组分间的反应机理以及Hg0的形态转变机制均会对Hg0的控制方式造成根本影响.同时指出,对于富氧燃烧模式下的新烟气构成,在常规煤燃烧烟气组分基础上建立的汞排放规律、机制与机理等可能不再适用。

关键词：富氧燃烧；污染物排放；烟气组分；汞析出形态；氧化机理

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利用固定床反应器装置对李家塔烟煤和锦界烟煤在高浓度CO2气氛下煤焦异相还原NO的反应特性进行了实验研究,考察了反应气氛、制焦气氛、升温速率、煤粉粒径、煤焦中矿物质对煤焦异相还原NO的影响规律.结果表明:反应气氛中高浓度CO2的存在不利于煤焦还原NO;相较N2气氛,高浓度CO2气氛下,反应过程中生成了大量CO,但其并未对NO还原起促进作用;制焦气氛主要影响煤焦的含碳量,而对煤焦反应性的影响较小;升温速率对煤焦还原NO能力的影响较小;煤粉粒径越小其煤焦还原NO能力越强;煤焦中矿物质对煤焦还原NO能力的影响不尽相同,取决于煤焦中矿物质的具体组分。

关键词：锅炉；O2/CO2燃烧；NO还原；煤焦；CO2排放；NOx排放

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飞灰的比电阻和介电损耗对提高电厂的除尘效率和飞灰的回收利用影响较大.通过采集国内2个电厂的飞灰样品,将其筛分成不同粒径范围的灰样,利用粉末电阻率测定仪和矢量网络分析仪(VNA)研究粒径对飞灰比电阻及其介电特性的影响.结果表明,去碳前飞灰的比电阻和介电损耗均随粒径变化无明显变化规律;去碳后飞灰的比电阻随着粒径的减小呈逐渐减小趋势,而其介电损耗却随着粒径的减小逐渐增大。

关键词：飞灰粒径；比电阻；介电损耗；飞灰含碳量；除尘效率

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以水蒸气为气化介质,在固定床实验台上进行了稻壳(Car.bio)/甘油(Car.gly)共气化制合成气实验研究,考察了温度和n(H2O)∶n(C)(摩尔比),m(Car.gly)∶m(Car.bio)(质量比)等参数对合成气成分及其热值的影响.结果表明:随温度的升高,H2体积分数先升高,后缓慢降低,在700℃时达到最大值,CO体积分数随温度的升高而升高,热值随温度的变化与H2体积分数的变化趋势相反,并在700℃时达到最小值;随n(H2O)∶n(C)的升高,H2体积分数不断升高,CO体积分数和热值不断降低,并且三者在n(H2O)∶n(C)为2.0~2.5之间均达到平台期;随m(Car.gly)∶m(Car.bio)的升高,H2体积分数缓慢升高,CO体积分数缓慢降低,热值由10.30MJ/m3升至10.76MJ/m3;随温度的升高,氢气产率、气体产率、碳的转化率明显升高,但是温度过高,碳的转化率反而会降低。

关键词：水蒸气共气化；甘油；稻壳；合成气；热值

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准东煤易着火、燃尽率高,是优良的动力用煤,但其严重的沾污结渣特性严重影响电厂锅炉安全运行.为此,采用X射线衍射仪和环境扫描电子显微镜等,对燃用准东煤电厂锅炉各部位渣样的形貌和矿物组成特征进行了研究.结果表明:锅炉各部位渣样均含有复杂的钠矿物成分,包括钠钙铝氧化物的复杂矿物晶体、钠钾铝硅酸盐、霞石、钠钙铝硅酸盐等;锅炉高温区渣样中识别出大量的非晶组分,这源于各种矿物在高温区的共熔反应;锅炉低温换热面渣样则主要是积灰和沾污样,其含晶形矿物较多,这源于高温区气相组分的冷凝。

关键词：锅炉；准东煤；碱金属；沾污结渣；灰渣；矿物组分

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