Two different operating modes can be clearly identified in wind turbine control systems. In low wind speeds, the main control objective is the energy capture maximization, whereas in high wind speeds it is desired to regulate turbine power and speed at their rated values. The fulfillment of these different control objectives implies the transition through low controllability operating conditions that impose severe constraints on the achievable performance. The control task is usually tackled using two separate controllers, one for each operating mode, and a switching logic. Although satisfactory control solutions have been developed for low and high wind speeds, controller design needs refinement in order to improve performance in the transition zone. This chapter overviews a control scheme covering the entire operating range with focus on the transition zone. H_∞ and advanced anti-windup techniques are exploited to design a high performance control solution for both operating modes with optimum performance in the transition zone.

关键词：抗饱和；增益调度控制；H_∞最优控制

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Owing to industrial and social requirements, but also to technical and scientific progress, the food processing industry is facing new challenges: a wide diversification of processing equipment and the emergence of new food matrices which are more and more complex. In the meantime, the choice of technologies and processes should achieve the following goals: (ⅰ) to ensure the microbiological security of a given product up to a date limit; (ⅱ) to improve product quality through better control and understanding of the process and (ⅲ) to enhance the competitiveness and reliability of the process.

关键词：能源效率；欧姆加热过程；控制器

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Increased demands for cleaner burning energy, coupled with the relatively recent technological advances in accessing unconventional hydrocarbon-rich geologic formations, have led to an intense effort to find and extract natural gas from various underground sources around the country. One of these sources, the Marcellus Shale, located in the Allegheny Plateau, is currently undergoing extensive drilling and production. The technology used to extract gas in the Marcellus Shale is known as hydraulic fracturing and has garnered much attention because of its use of large amounts of fresh water, its use of proprietary fluids for the hydraulic-fracturing process, its potential to release contaminants into the environment, and its potential effect on water resources. Nonetheless, development of natural gas extraction wells in the Marcellus Shale is only part of the overall natural gas story in this area of Pennsylvania. Conventional natural gas wells, which sometimes use the same technique, are commonly located in the same general area as the Marcellus Shale and are frequently developed in clusters across the landscape. The combined effects of these two natural gas extraction methods create potentially serious patterns of disturbance on the landscape. This document quantifies the landscape changes and consequences of natural gas extraction for Somerset County and Westmoreland County in Pennsylvania between 2004 and 2010. Patterns of landscape disturbance related to natural gas extraction activities were collected and digitized using National Agriculture Imagery Program (NAIP) imagery for 2004, 2005/2006, 2008, and 2010. The disturbance patterns were then used to measure changes in land cover and land use using the National Land Cover Database (NLCD) of 2001. A series of landscape metrics is also used to quantify these changes and is included in this publication.

关键词：大气；天然气开采；能源利用

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This chapter presents a control scheme of a variable-speed wind turbine with a permanent-magnet synchronous-generator (PMSG) and full-scale back-to-back voltage source converter. A comprehensive dynamical model of the PMSG wind turbine and its control scheme is presented. The control scheme comprises both the wind-turbine control itself and the power-converter control. In addition, since the PMSG wind turbine is able to support actively the grid due to its capability to control independently active and reactive power production to the imposed set-values with taking into account its operating state and limits, this chapter presents the supervisory reactive-power control scheme in order to regulate/contribute the voltage at a remote location. The ability of the control scheme is assessed and discussed by means of simulations, based on a candidate site of the offshore wind farm in Jeju, Korea.

关键词：永磁同步发电机；风力发电机组；风电场

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报告从主要发电企业集团动态、电力产业环境、国内电网动态、电力设备行业信息、港台电力行业信息、国际动态等几个方面进行了分析评论。

关键词：电力；集团动态；产业环境；电网动态；行业信息；国际动态

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This chapter illustrates how to set up an inexpensive but effective Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) platform for the test of wind turbine (WT) controllers. The dynamics of the WT are simulated on the open-source National Renewable Energy Laboratory WT simulator called FAST (Fatigue, Aerodynamics, Structures, and Turbulence), which emulates all required input signals of the controller and reacts to the controller commands (almost) like an onshore real turbine of 5 MW. The dynamic torque control system runs on an open hardware Arduino microcontroller board, which is connected to the virtual WT via USB. In particular, the power generation control in the full load region for variable-speed; variable-pitch wind turbines is considered through torque and pitch control. The HIL proposed platform is used to characterize the behavior of the WT in normal operation as well as in fault operation. In particular, a stuck/unstuck fault is modeled and the behavior of a proposed chattering torque controller is analyzed in comparison to a baseline torque controller.

关键词：硬件在中环；Arduino；控制

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This chapter studies the control problems in grid integration of wind energy conversion systems. Sliding-mode control technique will be used to optimize the control of wind energy conversion systems. The maximum power point tracking control algorithms for variable-speed wind energy conversion systems are presented. The grid integration of wind energy conversion systems can be optimized in terms of power delivered to the grid and providing the voltage support ancillary service at the point of common coupling. The control objective for the grid integration of wind energy conversion systems is to keep the DC-link voltage in a desirable value and the input or output power factors staying unitary. The high-order terminal sliding-mode voltage and current regulators are designed, respectively, to control the DC-link voltage and the current rapidly and exactly. The numerical simulations will be carried out to evaluate the control schemes.

关键词：双馈型风力发电系统；电压定向控制（VOC）；电网侧PWM变换器

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Emergency control, including emergency operation dispatching and automatic emergency control that provides reliability and survivability of the electric power grids plays an important part in controlling the operating conditions of large Electric Power Systems (EPS)s, as introduced in the previous chapter. Emergency control is performed by the technological (dispatching and automatic) control systems that include the automatic systems of voltage, frequency and capacity regulation, basic automatic systems of EPS elements, relay protection and automatic line control, system emergency control.

关键词：紧急控制；急诊手术调度；电力网

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Reducing the environmental impact of facilities and operations has become an important function for many organizations. In many cases, such as utility and fuel use, reducing these impacts can also be coupled to financial savings. The Kansas Department of Transportation (KDOT) has determined that conducting an energy and CO2 audit of its building and vehicle fleets will aid in assessing KDOT energy use, prepare for any future regulations regarding CO2 emissions, and help identify areas for increased savings through reduced use of commercial resources (primarily energy and fuel).

关键词：二氧化碳；环境影响；设施管理

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Much more efforts have been made on the integration of renewable energies into the grid in order to meet the imperative demand of a clean and reliable electricity generation. In this case, the grid stability and robustness may be violated due to the intermittency and interaction of the solar and wind renewables. Thus, in this chapter, advanced control strategies, which can enable the power conversion efficiently and reliably, for both photovoltaic (PV) and wind turbines power systems are addressed in order to enhance the integration of those technologies. Related grid demands have been presented firstly, where much more attention has been paid on specific requirements, like Low Voltage Ride-Through (LVRT) and reactive power injection capability. To perform the functions of those systems, advanced control strategies are presented with much more emphasis on the LVRT operation with reactive power injection for both single-phase and three-phase systems. Other control strategies like constant power generation control for PV systems to further increase the penetration level, and the improvements of LVRT performance for a doubly fed induction generator based wind turbine system by means of hardware protection solutions are also discussed in this chapter.

关键词：可再生能源；电网；低电压

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