Previous work quantifying the non-hardware balance-of-system costs--or soft costs--associated with building a residential or commercial photovoltaic (PV) system has left a significant portion unsegmented in an other soft costs category. This report attempts to better quantify the other soft costs by focusing on the financing, overhead, and profit of residential and commercial PV installations for a specific business model. There are many different business models in the PV marketplace, with varying cost structures; however, a common model was chosen to gain better insight of typical costs within the currently unsegmented other soft costs category. This report presents results from a bottom-up data-collection and analysis of the upfront costs associated with developing, constructing, and arranging third-party-financed residential and commercial PV systems. It quantifies the indirect corporate costs required to install distributed PV systems as well as the transactional costs associated with arranging third-party financing. It accompanies the recent National Renewable Energy Laboratory soft cost benchmarking report (Friedman et al. 2013), which quantifies all the non-hardware balance-of-system costs associated with building a residential or commercial PV system.

关键词：光伏电源;融资;基准;电子系统

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Worldwide adoption of Electronic Medical Records (EMRs) databases in health care have generated an unprecedented amount of clinical data available electronically. There has been an increasing trend in US and western institutions towards collaborating with China on medical research using EMR data. However, few studies have investigated characteristics of EMR data in China and their differences with the data in US hospitals. As an initial step towards differentiating EMR data in Chinese and US systems, this study attempts to understand system and cultural differences that may exist between Chinese and English clinical documents. We collected inpa-tient discharge summaries from one Chinese and from three US institutions and manually analyzed three major clinical components in text: medical problems, tests, and treatments. We reported comparison results at the document level and section level and discussed potential reasons for observed differences. Documenting and understanding differences in clinical reports from the US and China EMRs are important for cross-country collaborations. Our study also provided valuable insights for developing natural language processing tools for Chinese clinical text.

关键词：跨语言;临床记录;出院小结

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This report presents results from the second U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) sponsored, bottom-up data-collection and analysis of non-hardware balance-of-system costs--often referred to as business process or soft costs--for U.S. residential and commercial photovoltaic (PV) systems. Annual expenditure and labor-hour-productivity data are analyzed to benchmark 2012 soft costs related to (1) customer acquisition and system design and (2) permitting, inspection, and interconnection (PII). We also include an in-depth analysis of costs related to financing, overhead, and profit. The second annual survey of U.S. PV installers was deployed from September 2012 to May 2013, focusing on customer acquisition and PII costs for the study period of January 1 to June 30, 2012. We gathered data from 55 residential PV installers, representing 4,260 residential installations and approximately 27 MW of residential capacity installed during the first half of 2012. We cleaned the data for outliers, yielding sample sizes ranging by cost category from 47 to 53. We also gathered data from 22 commercial PV installers, representing 269 commercial PV installations during the 6-month study period for a total of 66 MW of capacity.

关键词：光伏电源;基准;成本;数据收集;互联电力系统

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Presentation describes some of the issues and consideration for software that supports space robot research and development.

关键词：机器人；机器人；机器人控制；太空探索；计算机程序

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Data acquisition is the must fundamental task of the wireless sensor network.This sensor data to reduce redundancy of the compression mechanism,compression module is given a concrete realization of the cost of the LTC algorithm itself.Compression mechanism of the design decisions were discussed motives,given the specific description of the mechanism,combined with the concrete realization of the system compression module analyzes its performance.

关键词：数据采集；数据冗余；成本预测；LTC

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The design of modern radiofrequency integrated circuits on silicon operating at microwave and millimeter-waves requires the integration of several spiral inductors, transformers and transmission lines, which are commonly not available in the process design-kits of the technologies. Moreover, the design and simulation of such devices are not addressed adequately by means of systematic techniques and automation.

关键词：微波；集成电路；系统技术；输电线路

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关键词：Web应用程序；WebGL；HTML5；机器人仿真；COLLADA

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This paper discussed several methods to maximize the sum of the data rate.After the analysis of the graphic algorithm,we found the difficulty of the determination of the variables.To solve the problem,we propose a new idea to operate the variable and proved it to be efficient in the simulation results.

关键词：数据传输速率；蜂窝网络；图形算法；功率控制；电子信息

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Fuzzy clustering algorithms have been widely used for image segmentation,typically such as FCM algorithm.However,the FCM algorithm is parameter sensitive,and its results lack of availability.To improve the above problems,a novel fuzzy clustering method based on semantic color tree for image segmentation is proposed in this paper.The method is realized by modifying the membership function in the conventional FCM algorithm and by constructing the semantic color tree to achieve the semantic color extraction,which take human visual subjectivity into account in semantics.The proposed method is applied to real images.Experimental results show that the presented algorithm performs more effectively than the FCM algorithm.

关键词：模糊聚类;语义色彩;语义树;颜色提取;电子信息

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Multi-thresholding is an important step for automatic image analysis.In this paper,a multi-thresholding method based on symmetric Tsallis-cross entropy and uniform searching particle swarm optimization (UPSO) is proposed.The criterion function using symmetric Tsallis-cross entropy can make the grayscale within the background cluster and the object cluster uniform.Since the exhaustive multi-thresholding algorithm would be too time-consuming,UPSO algorithm is adopted to find the optimal thresholds quickly and accurately.A large number of experimental results show that,compared with related multi-thresholding methods based on Shannon entropy and Tsallis entropy,the proposed method is effective and rapid.It can obtain more accurate boundary shape and clearer details of object.

关键词：图像分割;多阈值;对称Tsallis交叉熵;均匀搜索粒子群优化

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