The introductory chapter begins with the basic definitions of virtual reality, virtual presence and related concepts. It provides an overview of the history of virtual reality, from its origins in the 1950s to the present day. It also covers some of the most important applications, from flight simulators to biomedical uses. Finally, it briefly describes the main feedback loops used in virtual reality and the human biological systems used to interpret and act on information from the virtual world.

关键词：虚拟现实；生物医学；人体生物系统

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Ensuring the effectiveness and reliability of communications networks is essential to national security, the economy, and public health and safety. The communications networks (including core and access networks) can be threatened by both natural and human-caused events, including increasingly sophisticated and prevalent cyber-based threats. GAO has identified the protection of systems supporting the nation's critical infrastructure--which includes the communications sector--as a government-wide high-risk area. GAO was asked to (1) identify the roles of and actions taken by key federal entities to help protect communications networks from cyber-based threats, (2) assess what is known about the extent to which cyber incidents affecting the communications networks have been reported to the FCC and DHS, and (3) determine if Defense's pilot programs to promote cybersecurity in the defense industrial base can be used in the communications sector. To do this, GAO focused on core and access networks that support communication services, as well as critical components supporting the Internet. GAO analyzed federal agency policies, plans, and other documents; interviewed officials; and reviewed relevant reports.

关键词：通信；计算机网络；计算机安全

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This thesis researched the availability and applicability of using commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) cellular software and smartphone hardware platforms to address future individual communication requirements for the US Navy at sea. The paper presents evidence in favor of incorporation of COTS technology aboard ships to address tactical communications. Individual communication needs facilitated by devices include text, chat, voice, position location information, imagery and map viewing, streaming video, web browsing and e-mail. While all of these identified communication capabilities are currently available in military command and control systems, they presently reside primarily at hardwired workstations requiring large assets to maintain. The paper also studies current research in micro mobile communication networks that have been growing exponentially in the past year including a host of different network types: ad hoc, smartphone, access point, sensor, etc. The paper lays out a solid understanding of all layers of wireless networking and the interactions between them (including physical, data link, medium access control, routing, transport, and application). The topics of security, efficiency, mobility, health risk, scalability, and their unique characteristics in wireless networks are discussed. Finally, the researcher explores advanced architectures, protocols, and satellite support for complex, dynamic, developing recursive network architectures, protocols, and looks at devices for complex, dynamic, high-performance communication in hostile and extremely remote locations such as the high sea.

关键词：人造卫星；商业设备；通信和广播系统；通讯网络

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Clinicians' patient care information needs are frequent and largely unmet. Online knowledge resources are available that can help clinicians meet these information needs. Yet, significant barriers limit the use of these resources within the clinical workflow. Infobuttons are clinical decision support tools that use the clinical context (e.g., institution, user, patient) within electronic health record (EHR) systems to anticipate clinicians' questions and provide automated links to relevant information in knowledge resources. This paper describes Openlnfobutton : a standards-based, open source Web service that was designed to disseminate infobutton capabilities in multiple EHR systems and healthcare organizations. Openlnfobutton has been successfully integrated with 38 knowledge resources at 5 large healthcare organizations in the United States. We describe the Openlnfobutton architecture, knowledge resource integration, and experiences at five large healthcare organizations.

关键词：信息需求；生物医学；电子健康档案

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Mobile augmented reality (MAR) may offer new and engaging ways to support consumer participation in health. We report on design-based research into a MAR application for smartphones and tablets, intended to improve public engagement with biomedical research in a specific urban precinct. Following a review of technical capabilities and organizational and locative design considerations, we worked with staff of four research institutes to elicit their ideas about information and interaction functionalities of a shared MAR app. The results were promising, supporting the development of a prototype and initial field testing with these staff. Evidence from this project may point the way toward user-centred design of MAR services that will enable more widespread adoption of the technology in other healthcare and biomedical research contexts.

关键词：增强现实技术；生物医学；移动医疗；医疗保健

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A semantically coded knowledge base of adverse drug events (ADEs) with severity information is critical for clinical decision support systems and translational research applications. However it remains challenging to measure and identify the severity information of ADEs. The objective of the study is to develop and evaluate a semantic web based approach for building a knowledge base of severe ADEs based on the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (AERS) reporting data. We utilized a normalized AERS reporting dataset and extracted putative drug-ADE pairs and their associated outcome codes in the domain of cardiac disorders. We validated the drug-ADE associations using ADE datasets from SIDe Effect Resource (SIDER) and the UMLS. We leveraged the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Event (CTCAE) grading system and classified the ADEs into the CTCAE in the Web Ontology Language (OWL). We identified and validated 2,444 unique Drug-ADE pairs in the domain of cardiac disorders, of which 760 pairs are in Grade 5, 775 pairs in Grade 4 and 2,196 pairs in Grade 3.

关键词：药物不良事件；生物医药；药物基因组学

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Engineering a city-wide ubiquitous computing system requires a comprehensive understanding of urban infrastructure including physical motorways, vehicular traffic, and human activities. Many world cities were built at different time periods and with different purposes that resulted in diversified structures and characteristics, which have to be carefully considered while designing ubiquitous computing facilities. In this paper, we propose a novel technique to study global urban infrastructure, with enabling city-wide ubiquitous computing as the aim, using a massive data-driven network of planet-scale online web-cameras and a location-based online social network service, Foursquare. Our approach examines six metropolitan regions infrastructure that includes more than 800 locations, 25 million vehicular mobility records, 220k routes, and two million Foursquare check-ins. We evaluate the spatio-temporal correlation in traffic patterns, examine the structure and connectivity in regions, and study the impact of human mobility on vehicular traffic to gain insight for enabling city-wide ubiquitous computing.

关键词：数据库管理，系统工程；计算机通信；计算机模拟；通信和广播系统

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关键词：互联网；畜牧业；植入；跟风

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Traditional approaches to networking and security operate with static metrics and a black-and-white approach to decision-making. With the advent of network-centric environments and the emerging consideration of the impact of social networks on communications networks, we are forced to better understand how these additional factors can be used to improve networking services without assuming an unacceptable amount of risk. In this paper, we consider the implementation of trust metrics into various network protocols and security services. Our trust metric considers the impact of parameters of communication, information, and social networks. Using these parameters, we have developed composite trust metrics and applied them to the decision-making process within these protocols to replace the traditional approaches. The goal is to allow these trust-based protocols to operate in the gray area to improve performance and the range of operating conditions. We have studied tradeoffs between performance and security and trust and risk to identify optimal operating conditions of networks to maximize performance in several networking applications

关键词：指挥和控制系统；通信网络；通信协议；计算机网络安全

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本刊以七大战略性新兴产业——高端装备制造、节能环保、新能源、新材料、新能源汽车、生物、新一代信息技术为研究重点，关注国家高层和各部委的动态，剖析国家和地方的新兴产业政策。本刊设有政策导读、领导讲话、七大战略性新兴产业本周国内外行业动态和重点企业新闻、投资专题四大板块，能够实时监测新兴产业和重点企业动态，把握新兴产业发展方向，研究发展重点，寻求发展机遇。

关键词：节能环保；新一代信息技术；生物；高端装备制造；新能源；新材料；新能源汽车

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