Reverse osmosis eliminates contaminants from feed water or unfiltered water when pressure forces it through a semipermeable membrane. Water flows from the more concentrated side (more contaminants) of the RO membrane to the less concentrated side (fewer contaminants) to provide clean drinking water. RO and nanofiltration membranes are usually used as a filtration method to eliminate numerous types of dissolved solids (large molecules and ions) from solutions by smearing pressure to the solution when it is on one side of a selective membrane. RO membranes are generally positioned as crossflow filters, where the high velocity of the wastewater along the filter retains the flow turbulence, which helps control the thickness of the solids on the filter and decreases plugging of the filter.

Plastics have become an inseparable part of modern lifestyle since their formation. Plastics are used for packaging, building and construction, automotive, consumer goods, electronics, and medical devices. To make plastics usable and to increase their processability, plastic additives are required to modify polymer resin. This helps in enhancing several characteristics that manifold the value of plastic materials. Various types of additives such as flame retardants, heat stabilizers, lubricants, and slip additives, blowing agents, antistatic agents, antioxidants, and light stabilizers are used for the modification of polymer resins.

Over the last few years, personal care products have become part and parcel of consumer’s life. It includes array of product such as soaps, liquid soaps, hair gel, hair oil, shampoos, anti-aging face creams, sunscreen products and others. Chemicals used in personal care products range from basic metallic salts and fatty acids used in ordinary bath soaps to the high-end cosmeceuticals that offer beautifying properties of cosmetics with useful benefits of pharmaceuticals and chemicals.

Nanofiltration (NF) is a membrane filtration-based process or liquid-separation technology that uses membranes with nanometer-sized pores to remove dissolved contaminants. NF membranes have pore sizes ranging from 1-10 nanometers, which is smaller than membranes used in microfiltration and ultrafiltration. However, the size of NF membranes is larger than RO membranes. NF membranes offer high rejection of multivalent ions (such as calcium) and low rejection of monovalent ions (such as chloride). The nanofiltration technology is used to recycle wastewater due to high flux rates and relatively lower energy consumption than RO technology. In addition, NF is often employed in the manufacturing process for pharmaceuticals, textiles, dairy products, and baked goods.

Disinfecting is a procedure that uses chemicals/disinfectants to kill germs on surfaces and objects. Some common disinfectants include bleach and alcohol-based solutions. Disinfectants are usually left on target surfaces and objects for a certain period to kill germs. Also, the task of sanitizing can involve either cleaning or disinfecting or both. According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), sanitizing refers to lowering the number of germs on the surface to a safe level. The safe level depends on public health standards or requirements at workplaces, such as healthcare facilities. Some common ways of disinfecting and sanitizing include mopping a floor using a mop with disinfectants and water, disinfectant wipes or hand sanitizers, and others.

Dicyclopentadiene is a chemical compound with the formula C10H12. It is co-produced in large quantities in the steam cracking of naphtha and gas oils to ethylene as part of the separation process of crude C5 streams. It is a colorless, waxy, flammable solid or liquid with a camphor-like odor. Dicyclopentadiene is highly flammable, with a flashpoint of 90°F/32°C and a boiling point of 338ºF/170°C. The major uses are in resins, particularly unsaturated polyester resins. As a chemical intermediate, it is used for making insecticides, hardeners, and dryers in linseed and soybean oil and in the production of ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) elastomers, metallocenes, resins, varnishes, and paints.

Wood-based products are often prone to corrosion, destruction, and stains. A glossy wood coating prevents damage and increases the durability of wooden products, thus boosting their sales. It also makes wooden products desirable and aesthetically pleasing, thus luring customers into buying them. There are many wood coatings, including exterior wood coating, waterborne wood coating, radiation cure coatings, and wood finishing. Exterior wood coatings are extremely important in the furniture industry as they offer a good finishing and make furniture sturdy.

UV curable coatings are based on UV curing technology that makes use of ultraviolet light to initiate the reaction. UV-based coating formulations can be applied to a variety of substrates such as paper, wood, metal, and plastic. The technology requires very less space and lesser curing time than conventional technologies. In many cases, the amount of heat generated while curing is also less; therefore, heat-sensitive substrates can also be coated. These UV coatings come in a variety of types such as 100% solids, water-based, solvent-based, pigmented, clear, and various gloss formulations.

Silicone sealants are employed to seal objects/surfaces that may be exposed to extreme environments, weathering, temperature, or movement for a prolonged period. Sealants are effective solutions that are elastic, flexible, durable, and reliable. Hence, they can be put to application in harsh conditions, ranging from construction, space, electronics, automotive, medical, and packaging. Silicone sealants are composed of silicone as a primary ingredient. The other essential components that provide silicone sealant their inherent properties are polymers, plasticizers, active reinforcing fillers, passive non-reinforcing fillers, cross linkers, and special additives. Silicone sealants based on their specific application can be readily modified using biobased materials. Through the addition of specific additives and fillers, they can be imparted enhanced electrical/thermal conductivity, resistance to fluctuation temperatures, and optical clarity, among others.

截止目前，国家已累计开展七批药品集中带量采购。2018/11 集采序幕拉开，第一批先于“4+7”城市试点，后扩围至全国；第六批为胰岛素专项，为集采首次拓展到生物药领域；第七批于2022/06 开启，2022/07 公布中选结果，拟于2022/11起实施。历次集采对药品申报资格要求未发生实质性变化，需满足三个条件之一：1）参比制剂；2）通过一致性评价的仿制药；3）证明质量和疗效与参比制剂一致的仿制药。我国批准上市的药品中95%为仿制药，参比制剂多为国外原研药，集采药品或以第（2）（3）种仿制药为主。