Casa a Campo: Pesticide Safety for Farmworker Families was an environmental justice community education project with five specific aims: (1) to conduct research that (a) documents the knowledge and beliefs of farmworker families in North Carolina about pesticide exposure and prevention at work and in the home, (b) documents pesticide exposure among farmworker families in North Carolina, and (c) documents other environmental health concerns that arise from community discussions among farmworker families in North Carolina; (2) to develop culturally and linguistically appropriate educational materials and implement programs that will promote ways to prevent or reduce exposure among farmworker families in North Carolina; (3) to develop culturally and linguistically appropriate educational materials and implement programs that will better prepare health care providers in North Carolina to recognize and treat pesticide exposure-related illness among agricultural labor families and counsel families on ways to prevent or reduce exposure; (4) to increase the capacity of the North Carolina Farmworkers' Project to involve community members in the documentation of environmental and occupational health risks and in education for the reduction of environmental and occupational health risks; and (5) to evaluate the process and outcomes of community participation in this project so that it can be used by other community-based organizations to engage community residents in efforts to reduce environmental risks in their own communities.

关键词：农药；环境暴露；职业安全与健康；农业工人；健康危害；安全项目；心理健康；心理影响；预防医学；社会学因素

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The primary habitat management objective for the three refuges of the Willamette Valley NWR Complex is to provide high quality forage for wintering Canada geese. To accomplish this, much of the land within the refuge is managed for grass production involving applications of herbicides, fungicides, and fertilizers. Other agrochemicals such as insecticides are applied to agricultural land outside the refuge. Some agrochemicals used in the area have the potential to enter aquatic habitats of the refuge and could impact species such as amphibians, turtles, or the federally-listed Oregon chub. The objective of this investigation was to sample both biotic and abiotic matrices and use a weight-of-evidence approach to determine if agrochemicals used on or around the refuge pose a risk to aquatic species. This investigation included seven components: 1) evaluation of pesticide use practices; 2) collection of continual water quality measurements; 3) water sampling; 4) in-situ bioassay; 5) analysis of blood plasma from carp and turtles for endocrine-disrupting compound exposure; 6) fish health assessment; and 7) fish tissue analysis for organochlorine pesticides. The components of the study were used as individual lines of evidence to evaluate risk of agrochemicals to aquatic organisms on the refuge. Multiple lines of evidence create more confidence in making decisions suitable for refuge management because the approach considers all the information gathered from the investigation. By framing the assessment with this weight-of-evidence approach, risk to the receptors of concern and organizational levels is more clearly evident and the information can be used in carrying out the Fish and Wildlife Service mission to protect and conserve natural resources.

关键词：农药；农用化学品；杀虫剂

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The use of pesticides and fertilizers contributes to U.S. agricultural productivity and helps ensure a generally stable, plentiful, and inexpensive food supply. However, these chemicals may also harm human health, water quality, and food safety. The U.S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA) National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) collects, analyzes, and disseminates Agricultural Chemical Usage (ACU) data to meet regulatory, business, and other informational needs. In fiscal years 2007 through 2009, NASS substantially scaled back the ACU program before restoring it in 2010. GAO was asked to examine (1) what factors NASS considered in reducing the ACU program; (2) how ACU data users were affected by the temporary cutback, and their views on the data's quality and usefulness; and (3) the extent to which agricultural pesticide and fertilizer usage data are available from sources other than NASS. GAO reviewed relevant NASS documents and interviewed NASS officials as well as 25 selected ACU data users.

关键词：农药；农产品；食品供应合作协议；数据采集；化肥

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In 1999 and 2000, the U.S. Geological Survey National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program conducted a national pilot study of pesticides and degradates in drinking-water supplies, in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). William H. Harsha Lake, which provides drinking water for several thousand people in southwestern Ohio, was selected as one of the drinking-water supplies for this study. East Fork Little Miami River is the main source of water to Harsha Lake and drains a predominantly agricultural basin. Samples were collected from the East Fork Little Miami River upstream from Harsha Lake, at the drinking-water intake at Harsha Lake, at the outfall just below Harsha Lake, and from treated water at the Bob McEwen Treatment Plant. These samples were analyzed using standardized methods developed for the NAWQA Program. The purpose of this report is to provide information about pesticides and pesticide degradates in East Fork, Harsha Lake, and treated drinking water supplied by Harsha Lake. Water samples were collected from March 1999 to September 2000. The report presents a comparison of pesticide concentrations in untreated lake water and treated drinking water and a qualitative assessment of the effect of the November 1999 switchover from powdered activated carbon (PAC) to granular activated carbon (GAC) treatment on the concentration of pesticide compounds in treated lake water.

关键词：农药；水污染监测；饮用水；水治疗；供水水库；水文条件；气候模式；季节性模式

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The USGS is investigating the occurrence and distribution of pesticides in water resources of the Nation as part of the NAWQA Program and NASQAN. The two programs differ somewhat in their scope, objectives, and implementation plans (Gilliom and others, 1995; Hooper and others, 1997).

关键词：农药；地表水；地下水；水质；水污染

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The HHE Program evaluated surface contamination from spills of sea lamprey pesticides that occurred in the 1960s and 1970s at a biological station. HHE Program investigators took samples of carpet that were thought to have been contaminated with pesticide and took wipe samples from surfaces. Yellow stains were seen on carpet, walls, and unsealed concrete floors. The carpet had been installed over unsealed concrete. Pesticide was found on the carpet and wipe samples from areas that were visibly stained. HHE Program investigators recommended that the stained carpet be removed and that the concrete slab floor be cleaned and sealed prior to the installation of new flooring. Walls that had visible stains should be cleaned, sealed, and repainted. Investigators also measured temperature, relative humidity, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide and checked the heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning system in the offices and laboratory. Room air flowed from the offices into the workshop which helped keep potentially contaminated air from entering the office space. The exhaust fan in the laboratory solvent storage room was not always turned on which allowed air to flow into the nearby laboratory. This fan should be run continuously to reduce the amount of solvent vapors that can enter nearby work areas. Investigators recommended that the employer stop sampling soil and concrete that may have been contaminated during past spills. Employees were encouraged to wash their hands with soap and water after handling pesticides and avoid touching surfaces that are visibly stained. Employees should not go into offices while wearing clothes, shoes, or materials that may have pesticides on them. Investigators also recommended that the employer notify all employees about plans to renovate the building and follow up with employees after projects are completed to ensure that these activities have eliminated visible pesticide contamination on carpet, floors, and walls.

关键词：农药污染；健康危害；公共卫生；污染；生物站

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In assessing the potential health risks associated with exposure to pesticides, attention has historically focused on single pathways of exposure (e.g., from pesticide residues in food, water, or residential/nonoccupational uses) for individual chemicals, and not on the potential for individuals to be exposed to multiple pesticides by all pathways concurrently. In 1996, the Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) imposed upon the Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP) the requirement to consider potential human health risks from all pathways of dietary and nondietary exposures to more than one pesticide acting through a common mechanism of toxicity. This document provides guidance to OPP scientists for evaluating and estimating the potential human risks associated with such multichemical and multipathway exposures to pesticides. This process is referred to as cumulative risk assessment.

关键词：农药；毒性；风险评估；剂量反应；累积风险

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This document contains up-to-date chemical information, including a summary of the Agency's regulatory position and rationale, on a specific pesticide or group of pesticides. A Fact Sheet is issued after registration of a significantly changed use pattern.

关键词：农药；杀虫剂

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The purpose of this report is to provide documentation of the completed corrective action and to provide data confirming the corrective action. The corrective action was performed in accordance with the approved Corrective Action Plan (CAP) (U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), 1999) and consisted of clean closure by excavation and disposal. The Area 15 Quonset Hut 15-11 was formerly used for storage of farm supplies including pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers. The Area 23 Quonset Hut 800 was formerly used to clean pesticide and herbicide equipment. Steam-cleaning rinsate and sink drainage occasionally overflowed a sump into adjoining drainage ditches. One ditch flows south and is referred to as the quonset hut ditch. The other ditch flows southeast and is referred to as the inner drainage ditch. The Area 23 Skid Huts were formerly used for storing and mixing pesticide and herbicide solutions. Excess solutions were released directly to the ground near the skid huts. The skid huts were moved to a nearby location prior to the site characterization performed in 1998 and reported in the Corrective Action Decision Document (CADD) (DOE, 1998). The vicinity and site plans of the Area 23 sites are shown in Figures 2 and 3, respectively.

关键词：农药；排水；化肥；除草剂；废物处置

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2013年前三季度，我国农业生产在政策的有力保障下，保持持续向好的势头，特别是在夏粮、早稻增产的基础上，全年粮食有望实现再次增产。但随着市场需求的变化，农业生产结构也出现局部调整，粮食生产结构中，受近年来比较效益较高的激励，玉米的增产势头更加旺盛，其占粮食总量的比重可能进一步提高。而棉花、油脂油料在全球丰产、需求增长乏力和比较优势较差的趋势下，生产动力不足，种植面积连年下降。

关键词：农业；农产品；供求分析；进出口

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