Polyelectrolytes, which are a macromolecule dissolved in water or polar solvent, have gained a wide attention among scientists and engineers for their wide application areas. Their different properties have allowed them to be used in many areas such as soap, body lotions, electrochromic devices, solid-state reference electrode systems, fuel cell exchange membranes, water treatment, waste treatment, paper production, corrosion protection, fuel cells, electrodialysis, contact lenses, membrane-based separations, drug delivery, and genetic science. Biocompatible polyelectrolytes are also utilized in biosensors and biomolecular recognition systems. Layer-by-layer (LbL) technique can be used to produce polyelectrolyte multilayer. Severe substrate such as gold, quartz, silicon, glass, plastic, stainless steel can be used in LbL technique. LbL technique is reproducible, cost-effective, and environmentally-friendly method. The characteristic properties of polyelectrolyte depend on the interaction between electrostatic forces. The degree of polymer charge can modify the electrostatic interactions. We examine the scaling theory according to Gennes et al. and Beurle and Nogovitsin in this chapter. After having discussed the scaling theory, we provide a basic introduction to properties of the neutron scattering and dynamic light scattering. In the end, we analyzed biopolymers and ionomers briefly. Polyelectrolytes (PEs) are generally denned as macromolecules, which when dissolved in water, dissociate to give highly charged polymeric molecules. As another definition, polyelectrolytes are polymers carrying either positively or negatively charged ionizable groups. These groups dissociate under appropriate conditions, and leaving ions on the chain and counter ions in the solution Examples of polyelectrolytes include polystyrene sulfonate, polyacrylic and polymethacrylic acids and their salts. DNA, proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccha-rides and other poly acids are given example to the natural polyelectrolytes. Polyelectrolytes are well known to play a vital role in nature and technology. PEs finds widespread use as solubilizing agents, phase separation agents, and rheo-logical property modifiers in daily life and technological applications. However, despite of their fundamental and practice importance, PEs systems still remain only poorly understood. This relates to the fact that their chemistry and physics are influenced by many controlling parameters, such as molecular weight, salt concentration, pH of the solution, etc.

关键词：聚电解质；高分子；天然聚电解质

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Environmental concerns have led to numerous regulations that have dramatically decreased the reported production and use of mercury in the United States since the 1980s. Government legislation and subsequent industry actions have led to increased collection of mercury-containing materials and the recovery of mercury through recycling. Mercury emissions have been reduced and effective alternatives to mercury products have been developed for many applications. This study updates and quantifies the changes in demand, supply, use, and material flow for mercury in various sectors in the United States that have taken place since 1996.

关键词：大气；废气转化；环境保护

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关键词：重化工业；转型升级；去产能化

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A complement to the development of new fuels to meet future energy demands of the U.S. Navy is the enhancement of energy density of existing fuels, thus increasing system payloads, ranges, and/or performance. Addition of energetic solid phase materials, such as boron, magnesium, or aluminum, to liquid hydrocarbon-based fuels can potentially increase energy density. Previous studies investigating the effect of energetic metal addition to liquid hydrocarbon-based fuels have produced mixed results. Boron has excellent potential as a liquid fuel additive due to its high volumetric and gravimetric heating value. Boron carbide (B4C) is widely available due to its commercial application as an abrasive. Boron particles were first tested as fuel additives in the 1950s to 1970s during rocket development and found to significantly increase fuel energy density but boron slurry combustion has problems with ignition, flame stability, and burnout. Recent advances in nanotechnology may allow for high-volume production of boron nanoparticles coated with catalysts and organics to enhance and control combustion, promote suspension and dispersion in fuel, and inhibit premature oxidation. Controlled studies on the effect of boron nanoparticle addition on fuel aerosol droplet size during group burning experiments were conducted by the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory (NRL Code 6114) and the Hawaii Natural Energy Institute (HNEI) at the University of Hawaii (UH) from 2009 to 2011. These studies were performed using a benchtop fuel burner assembly system with a Phase-Doppler-Particle Analyzer (PDPA) to investigate the effect of specific nanoparticle addition (boron, CeO2-coated boron, and CeO2) on aerosol droplet size and velocity in a JP-5 carrier fuel. Results of this study showed little to no effect of boron nanoparticle addition (approximately 2.5% weight loading) on aerosol droplet size and velocity distribution fields in the wet, or no flame, condition. Results did suggest an effect of boron nanoparticle addition in the flame case. Rate of change in average droplet diameter with distance from the flame base was greater in the presence of boron nanoparticles, suggesting enhanced combustion and increased droplet evaporation in the JP-5 carrier fuel. Additionally, there was a measureable increase in average droplet velocity near the flame base. However, the opposite effect was seen when reduced CeO2 was used as a catalysts or catalyst only was added to JP-5, suggesting combustion was inhibited.

关键词：硼；燃烧速度；燃烧；能量性质

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Lubricant additives are those chemical compounds that are added to lubricants in order to improve the performance of the lubricant oil.

关键词：润滑油；润滑剂；化合物；工业机械

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Changes in customer preferences have prompted beauty and personal care industries to manufacture customized products for men. With advances in technology across industries, customers are no longer restricted to manual grooming products.

关键词：男士美容；美容产品；男士护肤

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In China, the high end of the adhesives market i s dominated by imported products. China’s capacity to make some adhesive products seriously exceeds market demand, intensifying competition in adhesive markets.

关键词：石油化工；丙烯酸；丙烯酸酯

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Agricultural adjuvants are substances that enhance the properties of pesticides to control unwanted pests, weeds, and diseases. Adjuvants do not control pests directly as they do not function as an active substance; rather they are used to amplify pesticide efficiency. Adjuvants can be included in the formulation as an "in-can" (in-built) component or can be added to a spray solution as a tank mix. Adjuvants are classified by type as utility or activator adjuvants. They are also classified by application as herbicides, fungicides, and insecticides.

关键词：农业助剂；提高；农药的属性；控制；害虫；杂草；疾病；扩增农药效率

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Muconic acid is a dicarboxylic acid. Dicarboxylic acids are chemical compounds that contain two carboxylic functional groups that are denoted in organic chemistry as COOH. These carboxylic compounds may be either aliphatic or aromatic. Dicarboxylic acids show reactive behaviour to monocarboxylic acids. Muconic acid is produced by the enzymatic degradation of certain aromatic chemical compounds.

关键词：粘康酸；二羧酸；化学化合物

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Being an environment-friendly chemical, hydrogen peroxide is generally used for oxidizing reactions. It is the most simple and versatile peroxide and is formed during the chemical reaction between oxygen and hydrogen. It is more viscous than water and colorless when it is in diluted form. High concentrations of hydrogen peroxide are harmful. Hence, it is generally diluted with water and then used in various end-use industries like F&B, textiles & laundry, chemical synthesis, wastewater treatment, pulp & paper, oil & gas, electronics, and healthcare. A major share of hydrogen peroxide is consumed for the manufacturing of other chemicals.

关键词：过氧化氢；氧化反应；化学反应过程；消耗用于；化学品制造

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