Biomanufacturing is the process of production of commercially important biomolecules by utilizing biological systems for use in medicines, food and beverage processing, and industrial applications. Natural sources such as blood, cultures of microbes, animal cells, or plant cells are often employed to carry out biomanufacturing. Cells used in the production process can also be derived using genetic engineering techniques.

The extraction of nucleic acids is the starting point in any molecular biology study and is thus considered a crucial process. The first crude extraction of DNA was performed by Friedrich Miescher, a Swiss physician, in 1869. He accidentally purified DNA from the nucleus while investigating proteins from leukocytes and found that the substance's property was fundamentally different from proteins and hence coined the term nuclein. DNA can be extracted from diverse sources, such as fineneedle aspirates of body fluids and biopsy samples; dried blood spots, buccal swabs, and fingerprints; soil, plant, and animal tissue forensic samples; and insects, protozoa, bacteria, and yeast.

Proteomics, also known as the large-scale study of proteins, involves the study of the structure and function of proteins and their interactions in the complex body. A proteome is a set of proteins present in either a cell, tissue, or organism, and its population may differ over time due to differences in gene expression. Proteomics investigates how different proteins interact with each other and the roles that they have within the organism, and assess the activities, modifications, and interactions of proteins within protein complexes to determine their function.

Preimplantation Genetic Testing: According to National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), preimplantation genetic testing is defined as the testing of oocytes or embryos at the preimplantation stage for genetic defects. The technique is majorly performed in conjunction with in-vitro fertilization to minimize the risk of passing down inherited conditions. The respective genetic test is performed in the cases where there is a higher risk of passing on the inherited conditions. Some of the common conditions such as single gene diseases, chromosomal rearrangements, and aneuploidies, with the help of techniques such as fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), microarray, and next generation sequencing (NGS).

Data centers are the backbone of online business operations and consumers. The growth in data centers is aided by the increased usage of the internet for personal and business purposes by consumers through smartphones and high-speed broadband connectivity. Due to COVID-19, there was a boost in data generation across the world, as various governments launched digital initiatives, and enterprises and individuals shifted to cloud and other online platforms. People started working from home, and there was increased interest seen in online trading and e-commerce. The amount of data generated was very high during the COVID-19 pandemic.