Surgical simulation is a technology-enabled training methodology that replicates real surgical procedures and environments without involving actual patients. It encompasses virtual reality (VR) systems, physical models, computer-based platforms, and augmented reality (AR) tools that allow surgeons and medical trainees to practice surgical techniques, develop skills, and rehearse procedures in a risk-free environment. These systems provide haptic feedback, realistic anatomical structures, and procedural guidance to enhance learning outcomes. Surgical simulation serves multiple purposes, including skills training, procedural rehearsal, competency assessment, and pre-operative planning. It bridges the gap between theoretical medical education and actual surgical practice, enabling healthcare professionals to gain experience and confidence before performing procedures on patients. The technology aims to improve patient safety, reduce medical errors, and standardize surgical training across healthcare institutions.

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