Water treatment chemicals are used to eliminate impurities or suspended substances from contaminated water and make it fit for industrial or domestic uses. These chemicals can be used to purify sea water, ground water, municipal drinking water, as well as industrial waste water. The choice of chemical primarily depends on the cost and the end outcome sought. The scope of usage of these chemicals is continuously expanding on account of increased demand from various end-use industries such as power plants, food and beverages, metal and mining, pulp and paper, oil and gas, and chemical processing. The widely used chemicals in these contexts are biocides, antifoams, coagulants, flocculants, disinfectants, oxidants, scale inhibitors, and pH conditioners.

关键词：水处理化学品；消除杂质；工业；住宅用途；杀生物剂；消泡剂；凝结剂；絮凝剂；消毒剂；氧化剂

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Personal protective equipment is the products and accessories used for employee safety purposes during on-site and off-site work. RPE is the type of personal protective equipment used in various commercial and industrial sectors to protect employees from being adversely affected by the various contaminants, aerosolized chemicals, and harmful gases in the breathing air in their workplaces.

关键词：呼吸防护；防护装置；安全卫生

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Among the vehicles that run on alternative energy sources, FFVs account for the highest volume and are the most practical in terms of vehicle performance, reliability, and stability. FFVs are designed to run on a blend of gasoline and ethanol (E85). Henry Ford introduced the concept of flexible fuel engines in 1920. However, this idea could be transformed into a practical and feasible technology only by 1990s.

关键词：替代；能源运行车辆；灵活燃料汽车；最实用；车辆性能；稳定性；灵活燃料汽车

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Water quality monitoring is critically important in efforts to both limit human exposure to toxic chemicals and to protect ecosystems. This study integrates artificial neural network (ANN) processing with MFC-based biosensing in the detection of three organic pollutants that have relevance to DoD operations: aldicarb, dimethyl-methylphosphonate (DMMP), and bisphenol-A (BPA). Overall, the use of the ANN proved to be more reliable than direct correlations with raw data in the prediction of both chemical concentration and type. The ANN made no errors in the identification and quantification of all chemicals in three concentration ranges. Additionally, chemical mixtures and chemicals dissolved in the standard feed medium were accurately identified by the ANN. Finally, the newly-tested metrics of 10-hour Subsidence Rate (10SR) and First Moment (FrM) proved to be useful in ANN development. This study is the first to incorporate ANN modeling with MFC-based biosensing for the detection and quantification of organic pollutants that are not readily biodegradable. It is also the first to evaluate the utility of 10-hr SR and FM as metrics. Furthermore, this work provides insight into MFC-based biosensing as it pertains to limits of detection and its applicability to scenarios where mixtures of pollutants and unique solvents are involved.

关键词：燃料电池；化学反应；环境检测

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We estimate regionally resolved methane (CH4) emissions for California by comparing CH4 mixing ratios measured at a network of measurement sites in the Central Valley with transport model predictions based on two independent emission maps: a 0.1 degree seasonally varying 'California-specific' emission map, calibrated to state-wide by CH4 emission totals, and the 0.1 degree global EDGAR42 CH4 emission map. Atmospheric particle trajectories and surface footprints (sensitivity of CH4 signals to surface emissions) are computed using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) and Stochastic Time-Inverted Lagrangian Transport (STILT) models. Uncertainties due to wind velocity and boundary layer mixing depth are evaluated using measurements from radar wind profilers. Bayesian region analyses of data from the tower network constrains annual average CH4 emissions from Californias Central Valley to between 31.43 + or = 2.07 and 28.27 + or = 2.00 Tg CO2eq (assuming a global warming potential of 21 Tg CO2eq/ Tg CH4) for the California-specific and EDGAR42 emission models respectively, showing consistency between the two independent models. Extrapolating results to annually averaged CH4 emissions across all of California totals 1.44 + or = 0.15 and 1.94 + or = 0.28 times larger than the current inventory estimate for State annual total CH4 emissions (32 Tg CO2eq) for the California-specific CH4 and EDGAR42 CH4 emission maps, respectively. When emissions from large urban areas are estimated based on a recent study in the larger Los Angeles metropolitan region to better constrain urban emissions, State total CH4 emissions are estimated to be 1.30 - 1.74 times larger than the current State total CH4 emissions. These results based on the multiple emission models suggest that the California total of CH4 emissions would account for approximately 8% - 13% of the States total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, which is significantly higher than the CARB inventory (approximately 6% of total GHG emissions). Spatial resolution of emissions within the influence region reveal seasonality expected from several biogenic sources, including rice agriculture. We expect that additional tower measurements in urban regions (e.g., South Coast Air Basin) will provide the data necessary for a complete analysis of California's CH4 budget.

关键词：大气；温室气体；空气质量

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The main thrust of this project was to devise a method by which the majority of North Slope of Alaska (NSA) meteorological and radiometric data, collected on a daily basis, could be used to evaluate and improve global climate model (GCM) simulations and their parameterizations, particularly for cloud microphysics. Although the standard ARM Program sensors for a less complete suite of instruments for cloud and aerosol studies than the instruments on an intensive field program such as the 2008 Indirect and Semi-Direct Aerosol Campaign (ISDAC), the advantage they offer lies in the long time base and large volume of data that covers a wide range of meteorological and climatological conditions. The challenge has been devising a method to interpret the NSA data in a practical way, so that a wide variety of meteorological conditions in all seasons can be examined with climate models. If successful, climate modelers would have a robust alternative to the usual case study approach (i.e., from intensive field programs only) for testing and evaluating their parameterizations performance.

关键词：大气；气候变化；空气污染

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Results from 548,507 indoor radon tests from a database compiled by the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Radiation Protection, Radon Division, are evaluated in this report in an effort to determine areas where concentrations of radon are highest. Indoor radon concentrations were aggregated according to geologic unit and hydrogeologic setting for spatial analysis. Indoor radon concentrations greater than or equal to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) action level of 4 picocuries per liter (pCi/L) were observed for 39 percent of the test results; the highest concentration was 1,866.4 pCi/L.

关键词：大气；空气污染；空气分析

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Barriers to industrial energy-efficient technologies hinder their use. A number of EPA analyses and industrial experts have found that the utilization of input-based emissions standards (measured in parts-per-million or pounds/MMBtu) in the Clean Air Act creates a regulatory barrier to the installation and deployment of technologies that emit fewer criteria pollutants and use energy more efficiently. Changing emission management strategies to an output-based emissions standard (measured in tons of pollutant emitted) is a way to ameliorate some of these barriers. Combined heat and power (CHP) is one of the key technologies that would see increased industrial application if the emissions standards were modified. Many states have made this change since the EPA first approved it in 2000, although direction from the Federal government could speed implementation modifications.

关键词：大气；能源燃烧；废气排放；空气健康

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Measuring PM Emissions from Aircraft Auxiliary Power Units, Tires, and Brakes presents the results of a comprehensive test program designed to measure particulate matter (PM) emissions from auxiliary power units and from tires and brakes during the landing phase of operations of in-service commercial aircraft. The research results are designed to provide a significant contribution to the characterization of emissions from these sources with the goal of helping airports improve the accuracy of their PM emissions inventories.

关键词：大气；PM排放；空气污染

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The HHE Program evaluated concerns about employees' exposures to pharmaceutical dust at an outpatient pharmacy. Investigators sampled the air for dust and measured particle levels. Samples were analyzed for lactose (a common inactive filler) and active pharmaceutical ingredients; both were found. The use of compressed air to clean automatic dispensing machine canisters released dust into the air. Investigators found that after this activity more than an hour passed before the small particles were no longer in the air. Most of these canisters contained uncoated pharmaceutical tables. On two days, one employee was exposed to lisinopril at levels near or above the manufacturer's exposure limit. HHE Program investigators recommended that the employer develop a list of dusty pharmaceuticals and gather exposure guidelines and toxicity data to determine how to handle these substances. A partially-enclosed local exhaust hood should be installed for cleaning and filling canisters with tablets, as well as other tasks that could release pharmaceutical dust into the air. Investigators recommended that the use of compressed air to clean canisters be discontinued and replaced with the use of a vacuum with a long narrow nozzle. Lactose was found on surfaces throughout the pharmacy. The highest contamination level was on a surface used in refilling canisters before it was cleaned. Higher amounts of lactose were found on work surfaces than on undisturbed areas such as elevated shelving. Investigators recommended that all work surfaces be cleaned with alcohol wipes before breaks and at the end of each workday. Investigators noted that employees did not wear protective clothing or safety glasses in the pharmacy, but some employees did wear nitrile gloves when handling pharmaceuticals. HHE Program investigators encouraged employees to (1) wear nitrile gloves when handling pharmaceuticals, (2) wash their hands before eating, drinking, or using tobacco products, and (3) follow procedures for using and maintaining the local exhaust hood.

关键词：大气；空气污染；空气健康

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