High-performance homes require that ventilation energy demands and indoor air quality (IAQ) be simultaneously optimized. Researchers have primarily addressed these two areas independently because of the assumption that their goals have to be mutually exclusive. This assumption is based on the fact that the typical mechanism to reduce the concentration of indoor air pollutants has been dilution through increased ventilation, which causes heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) units to consume more energy. High-performance homes aim to provide the essential energy end-uses (for example, water heating, refrigeration, space heating, and air conditioning) in an energy efficient manner. Given that IAQ is among these essential energy end-uses, we investigated means to optimize the concentration of indoor air pollutants and ventilation energy demands. To this end, we conducted tests in four houses located in Oak Ridge, TN, that were 11 to 20 months old, energy efficient (i.e., expected to consume 50% less energy than a house built per the 2006 International Residential Code), airtight (i.e., natural ventilation rate approximately 0.02 to 0.2 h -1 ), unoccupied, and unfurnished. Our evaluation consisted of identifying air pollutants of concern in these homes that could generally serve as indicators of IAQ, and conducting field experiments and computer simulations to determine the effectiveness and energy required by various techniques that lessened the concentration of these contaminants.

关键词：大气；室内空气监控；空气健康

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Creating transportation infrastructure, which can clean up itself and contaminated air surrounding it, can be a groundbreaking approach in addressing environmental challenges of our time. This project has explored a possibility of depositing coatings on the existing materials to address a feasibility of this approach. More specifically, we have quantified the rates of removal of pollutants from the air by a new generation of coatings, which can be applied on any architectural elements and transportation infrastructure. We have also used indicators synthesized in our lab to demonstrate the self-cleaning properties of these now commercially available coatings. In addition, we have worked with the company pioneering this technology in the US and Europe to scope the new application of this technology. The survey of the existing and future commercial projects has indicated that this technology is already leading to very exciting applications in transportation sector, where concrete, asphalt, steel, glass and masonry surfaces will become green and sustainable interfaces mitigating the environmental and health impacts of transportation. The results obtained in this project have a significant relevance to the USDOT goals, such as development of livable communities by providing an access to environmentally sustainable travel options. Moreover, it has also relevance to another DOT goal focused on environmental sustainability, where self-cleaning properties of the coatings have a potential to improve both energy and water conservation.

关键词：大气；空气治理；空气净化

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Project attempts to develop a synthetic analogue for carbonic anhydrase and incorporate it in a membrane for separation of CO2 from coal power plant flue gas. Conference poster presents result of first 9 months of project progress including concept, basic system architecture and membrane properties target, results of molecular modeling for analogue - CO2 interaction, and next steps of testing analogue resistance to flue gas contaminants.

关键词：大气；气体循环；废气重利用

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The overall goal of the project was to bridge the gap between our knowledge of small-scale geochemical reaction rates and reaction rates meaningful for modeling transport at core scales. The working hypothesis was that reaction rates, determined from laboratory measurements based upon reactions typically conducted in well mixed batch reactors using pulverized reactive media may be significantly changed in in situ porous media flow due to rock microstructure heterogeneity. Specifically we hypothesized that, generally, reactive mineral surfaces are not uniformly accessible to reactive fluids due to the random deposition of mineral grains and to the variation in flow rates within a pore network. Expected bulk reaction rates would therefore have to be correctly up-scaled to reflect such heterogeneity. The specific objective was to develop a computational tool that integrates existing measurement capabilities with pore-scale network models of fluid flow and reactive transport. The existing measurement capabilities to be integrated consisted of (a) pore space morphology, (b) rock mineralogy, and (c) geochemical reaction rates. The objective was accomplished by: (1) characterizing sedimentary sandstone rock morphology using X-ray computed microtomography, (2) mapping rock mineralogy using back-scattered electron microscopy (BSE), X-ray dispersive spectroscopy (EDX) and CMT, (3) characterizing pore-accessible reactive mineral surface area, and (4) creating network models to model acidic CO(sub 2) saturated brine injection into the sandstone rock samples.

关键词：大气；二氧化碳；温室气体

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We attempted to image atmospheric fluorescence in the short-wave infrared (SWIR) from several radioactive sources. Our detection system was an InGaAs camera, fitted with a 25 mm lens to image the scene. No definitive fluorescence was detected. We also used our system to observe the SWIR emission from a proton beam source and established certain criteria for use as fluorescence diagnostics. For example, we clearly observed an enhancement at 1050 nm relative to 1600 nm, consistent with known emission features of molecular nitrogen and with previously published results. However, even for a high activity cobalt-60 source, our recorded signal was not consistent with these diagnostics. Rather, we hypothesize that the small signal which was recorded may have been due to direct incidence of gamma rays on our detector. Compared with the ultraviolet (UV), the infrared emission is expected to be only 20% as bright. We suggest that to increase the signal to noise in the SWIR may require either a telescope to collect a greater fraction of the emission or to image a more localized source than the gamma emission. Further research should include coincident UV and SWIR observations.

关键词：大气；气候变化；空气治理

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In recent years, attention has been given to the processes controlling the emission of oily effluents and their environmental impact. Many industrial processes generate large volumes of water contaminated with oil, called oily waters. The oily water must be treated before its discard in order to meet the criteria established by environmental agencies (for example in Brazil, 20 mg/L). In present days, the process of separating oil/water with ceramic membranes has attracted the attention of many researchers. In this sense, the aim of this study is to evaluate the influence of the tangential inlet shape in the oil/water separation via ceramic membranes. We use a mathematical multiphase flow model to describe the oil-water separation, based on the particle model. Here oil is the dispersed phase while water the continuous phase. To model the turbulence effect we use the RNG κ-ε model. All simulations were carried out using the Ansys CFX ? commercial code. Results of streamlines and velocity, pressure and volume fraction of phase fields are present and analyzed. The numerical results indicate that no significant difference when using a circular or rectangular pipe with the same cross-sectional area.

关键词：陶瓷膜；分离油/水；数值模拟；CFX

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Sandia National Laboratories/New Mexico's (SNL/NM) Environmental Management System is the integrated approach for members of the workforce to identify and manage environmental risks. Each Fiscal Year (FY) SNL/NM performs an analysis to identify environmental aspects, and the environmental programs associated with them are charged with the task of routinely monitoring and measuring the objectives and targets that are established to mitigate potential impacts of SNL/NMs operations on the environment. An annual summary of the results achieved towards meeting established objectives and targets provides a connection to, and rational for, annually revised environmental aspects. The purpose of this document is to summarize the results achieved and documented in FY2012.

关键词：大气；空气污染；空气健康；空气防护

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In August 2012, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) announced the final standard governing new-vehicle fuel economy for model years 2017 through 2025. The new standard maintains the current system of incremental increases in Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) requirements for new light-duty vehicles each model year, based on targeted decreases averaging approximately 5% per year in CO2 output per mile. This report compares the recent improvements in fuel economy with the projected CAFE performance levels anticipated by NHTSA. Recent trends in CAFE performance, when compared with the performance levels projected to be achieved by NHTSA, indicate that achieved CAFE performance has exceeded these anticipated levels for 2012 and 2013 model years--the two years that the current standard has been in effect. Additionally, achieved CAFE performance has consistently increased annually from model year 2008 through model year 2013. If the current trends in annual improvements continue, future CAFE performance is expected to continue meeting or exceeding the projected performance levels (and desired greenhouse gas reductions) contained in the latest CAFE standards.

关键词：大气；空气污染；空气健康

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A program was initiated in June 2009 to evaluate the potential of porous organosilicate sorbents in the capture or neutralization of light gas threats. Of primary interest were targets identified by the TIC/TIM Task Force as priority threats. A number of approaches were taken for increasing binding capacity and reactivity in the sorbent materials: grafting of metalloporphyrins, incorporation of sites for metal coordination, and incorporation of acidic and basic groups. In addition, the impact of morphological considerations, such as pore size and organization, were evaluated. Target capture by the sorbents was evaluated using microbreakthrough testing completed at the Edgewood Chemical Biological Center. Development of relevant sorbent morphologies was also pursued. Overall, the sorbents show promise, with several offering improvements in target capture and retention over state-of-the-art materials.

关键词：大气；空气污染；空气净化

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Most climate scientists agree that humans are accelerating a change in the Earths climate through the emission of greenhouse gases (GHG). In response, governments and organizations in the United States at the state, regional, and local levels have been enacting policies aimed at reducing energy consumption and GHG emissions. These policies typically include an overall emissions reduction target for a city, a state, or an agency. To meet reduction targets, some agencies and organizations are developing plans and strategies that are often disaggregated by emissions sources. Transportation, surface transportation in particular, is one of the most significant sources of GHG emissions: About 29% of all U.S. GHG emissions are from transportation, and emissions are expected to increase, as can be seen in Figure 1. So far, the most common transportation-related response to reduce GHG emissions and promote energy security through reduced energy consumption has focused on four core strategies: reduce vehicle miles traveled (VMT), reduce carbon intensity of fuels, improve vehicle efficiency, and improve overall operational efficiency of the surface transportation system. Several of these strategies would require federal policy changes, namely advancements in vehicle technology and further regulation of fuel sources. However, transportation agencies at the state and local levels have more control over reducing VMT and improving the operational efficiency of the surface transportation system since they own, operate, and regulate much of the nations transportation system. Systematically incorporating GHG emissions into transportation planning and decision making can lead to successful strategies and plans for mitigation.

关键词：大气；温室气体；全球变暖

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