Situational awareness (SA) is recognized as a key functionality in smart grids. With the large scale deployment of synchronized phasor measurements in the United States and worldwide, wide-area situational awareness is greatly improved due to the high sampling speed, new granularity of phasor values, and time synchronization. Synchronized measurements enhance the monitoring of overall bulk power system dynamic behavior; providing critical information for understanding and responding to power system disturbances. In this chapter, an overview of successful synchrophasor applications to enhance situational awareness is discussed. Topics include event triggering, event size estimation, event location, oscillation detection and modal analysis for disturbances impacting the bulk power system. Real-time wide-area frequency and phase angle visualization will also be discussed. Several examples of wide area situational awareness in the North American power grid are given. Future challenges and trends are discussed.

关键词：智能电网；同步相量测量

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A key mission of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability (OE) is conducting research and development to enhance the security and reliability of the nation's energy infrastructure. Improving the security of control systems, which enable the automated control of our energy production and distribution, is critical for protecting the energy infrastructure and the integral function that it serves. The DOE-OE Control Systems Security Program is actively pursuing advanced security solutions for control systems. The focus of this report is analyzing how, where, and what type of wireless communications are suitable for deployment in the electric power system and to inform implementers of their options in wireless technologies. The discussions in this report are applicable to enhancing both the communications infrastructure of the current electric power system and new smart system deployments.

关键词：电力系统；无线通信

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Advanced manufacturing is not limited to emerging technologies; rather, it is composed of efficient, productive, highly integrated, tightly controlled processes across a spectrum of globally competitive U.S. manufacturers and suppliers. For advanced manufacturing to accelerate and thrive in the United States, it will require the active participation of communities, educators, workers, and businesses, as well as Federal, State, and local governments.

关键词：先进制造技术；先进制造业竞争

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This report documents the idea or concept of operating an existing Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI) Micro-ElectroMechanical Systems (MEMS) gyroscopic sensor previously developed in the early-2000s under MEMS-Based Angular Rate Sensor (MBARS) and MicroControlled Array Sensors (mCAS). This report serves as documented evidence for future use of this open-sourced idea of the measurement of two-axis of linear acceleration from a previous sensor originally designed to operate as a single-axis rotation sensor.

关键词：传感器；陀螺；加速度计；探测器；微机电系统；旋转；绝缘体上硅

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In this paper we give a general overview of the development process carried out in the Desire project. This process can be roughly split up into four main phases, from specification in the beginning over two integration phases up to optimization in the end. With a large variety of technologies and expertise involved, the development of a complex service robot system such as the DESIRE technology platform proved to reveal many challenges on technical as well as organizational level. Several of these issues are highlighted in this paper with the goal to derive useful guidelines for other robotics projects.

关键词：机器人开发；DESIRE项目

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Crystal oscillators are electronic circuits that generate electrical signals with precise frequencies. To generate these electrical signals, they make use of a vibrating crystal made of piezoelectric material. The frequency generated is used to keep constant track of time and provide a timely clock signal for electronic integrated circuits. This frequency is also used to stabilize frequencies for radio transmitters and receivers. Crystal oscillators find their application in a large number of devices such as cell phones (smartphones and feature phones), tablet computers, wristwatches,clocks, FM radios, medical electronic equipment, automotive systems (tyre pressure monitoring systems and anti-braking systems), and personal computers.

关键词：晶体振荡器；电子电路；电信号；精确频率；电子集成电路

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SRI International, in collaboration with Professor Jing Shih of the University of California-Riverside (UCR), Professor Nathan Newman of Arizona State University (ASU), and Professor Edmond Nowak of the University of Delaware (UD), has been funded (from June 2009 through September 2012) through ONR Contract (N00014-09-C-0292) to fabricate a magnetic sensor with a half-metallic ferromagnet (FM) contact and polymers and demonstrate its sensing capability. In this study we considered La0.7Sr0..3MnO3 (LSMO) and CoFe50Al25Si25 (CFAS) alloys for half-metallic FM contacts and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT ) and poly- 3(hexylthiophene) (P3HT) for polymers. Room temperature operation of this ultrasensitive device requires half-metallic ferromagnetic contacts with high Curie temperature (Tc), ultra-lowmobility polymer with very high doping density, nano-scale trenches, successful charge and spin injection into polymers from FM half-metal contacts, and spin precession in polymers. The FM films for vertical and lateral devices were grown at UCR and ASU, respectively. Most device fabrication was carried out at SRI, while magnetic and noise measurements were performed at ASU and UD.

关键词：传感器；磁探测器

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An accurate calibration of an electric-field sensor is difficult to carry out due to challenges involved in generating a uniform electric field over the sensor volume. Additionally, capacitive coupling between the field source and the sensors and related instrumentation tends to distort the measured field further. Sensor characterization includes not only calibration, but also determination of the frequency response (both magnitude and phase), noise power spectral density, dynamic range, and linearity. In this paper, we discuss characterization techniques for an unpackaged microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) electric field sensor in a vacuum chamber. The use of oppositely charged square plates at a spacing of half the plate width is advised by the IEEE 1308-1994 standard for generation of a uniform electric field. Previously, the U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL) has shown that by employing guard tubes in the construction of an electric field generating chamber, the fringing fields can be controlled, and the spacing between the endplates can be increased while maintaining a uniform field. A similar, smaller apparatus for generating a uniform axial electric field was constructed to fit into a vacuum bell jar. The considerations and techniques for minimizing error due to fringing and distortion from metal conductors will be presented, along with the techniques and laboratory equipment used for characterizing the sensor.

关键词：传感器；电气领域；探测器；微机电系统；真空

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Halogen lamps are the most popular and widely used form of automotive lighting. These lamps are made of non-metal chemicals that are highly reactive and poisonous. They have a tungsten filament and a glass filament that is filled with halogen gas. Halogen lamps are primarily used in automobiles as the light emitted by these lamps is extremely bright, which improves the visibility for automobile drivers. They also have a much longer life than regular lamps, are cost-effective, and are easily available in the market. Halogen lamps have been adopted across all geographies, and hence automobile manufacturers have been using halogen lamps in automobiles for more than a decade.

关键词：卤素灯；汽车照明；高度反应性；有毒非金属；化学物质；灯丝；卤素气体

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关键词：静电除尘器；工业废气；排放；控制装置；充电板；采集设备

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