关键词：超龄空调；空调普及；电子商务

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Within this very chapter, we are going to provide a short overview on the large amount of applications and technologies involved with the IEC 61850 standard family. Starting with its origins, developed parts, and sub-parts, we will later focus on the information and communication side of this standard family and current developments in information modeling that lead to changes in how to apply the standard family. The focus of this chapter is the application of IEC 61850 in the scope of substation automation and Distributed Energy Resources and differences between those two major use cases.

关键词：智能电网；自动化；通信

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At present, voltage source converters are mostly used in electrical drives. These converters utilize capacitors in the DC-link to store temporarily electrical energy. Switching the power electronic devices allows the DC voltage to be modulated which can result in a variable voltage and frequency waveform. The purpose of the modulator is to generate the required switching signals for these switching devices on the basis of user defined inputs.

关键词：电力电子技术；转换器；电压源转换器

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We investigated the activity and stability of n=(1, 2, 3) platinum layers supported on a number of rutile metal oxides (MO2; M=Ti, Sn, Ta, Nb, Hf and Zr). A suitable oxide support can alleviate the problem of carbon corrosion and platinum dissolution in Pt/C catalysts. Moreover, it can increase the activity of platinum if the interaction between the support and the metal is optimal. We found that both the activity and the stability depend on the number of platinum layers and, as expected, both converge toward platinum bulk values if the number of layers is increased. With use of a simple volcano curve for activity estimation, we found that the supported platinum layers could be active for the oxygen reduction reaction, with a few candidates possibly having an activity even greater than that of platinum. Furthermore, we established a correlation between stability and activity for supported platinum monolayers, which suggests that activity can be increased at the expense of stability and vice versa. Finally, the performance of the systems was evaluated against Pt(111) skins on Pt3X (X=Ni, Co, Fe, Ti, Sc and Y) alloys, which are the best catalysts known to date for the reaction.

关键词：燃料电池；金属氧化物；铂

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Changes that carbon-supported platinum electrocatalysts undergo in a proton exchange membrane fuel cell environment were simulated by ex situ heat treatment of catalyst powder samples at 150 C and 100relative humidity. In order to study modifications that are introduced to chemistry, morphology, and performance of electrocatalysts, XPS, HREELS and three-electrode rotating disk electrode experiments were performed. Before heat treatment, graphitic content varied by 20among samples with different types of carbon supports, with distinct differences between bulk and surface compositions within each sample. Following the aging protocol, the bulk and surface chemistry of the samples were similar, with graphite content increasing or remaining constant and Pt-carbide decreasing for all samples. From the correlation of changes in chemical composition and losses in performance of the electrocatalysts, we conclude that relative distribution of Pt particles on graphitic and amorphous carbon is as important for electrocatalytic activity as the absolute amount of graphitic carbon present.

关键词：燃料电池；质子交换膜；催化剂

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This work was undertaken to create an efficient process for electrolyzing ammonia, by clarifying the electrolytic decomposition path-ways of ammonia and urea. This project demonstrated the feasibility of using ammonia and urea electrolysis technologies to produce hydrogen as a potential fuel source for the fuel Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cell back up power for training facilities and soldier camps, under the 'Silent Camp' initiative. This was achieved with scaling of bench scale electrolyzer to a 50 W electrolyzer system known as the 'GreenBox.' The construction of the 50 W GreenBox depended on the development of the catalyst and fundamental understanding of the reaction mechanisms for ammonia and urea electrolysis. Significant progress in catalyst development was achieved by using chemical and electrochemical preparation techniques, and using the various state-of-the-art analytical methods funded through this project. A new synthesized material-nickel hydroxide nanosheets-has shown potential to be catalyst for urea electrolysis and catalyst support for ammonia electrolysis. The energy consumption for the ammonia electrolysis using the nickel based nanostructured electrodes is anticipated to be lower than 8.6 Wh per gram of hydrogen gas produced. The low energy consumption will provide a significant advantage when the GreenBox is combined with fuel cells.

关键词：燃料电池；氢；氨；氨分解；电解；氢气

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The results of hydrogenation of single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs)-SnO2 composite, SWCNTs-WO3 composite, and SWCNTs-TiOs, are reported. The amount of hydrogen incorporated in the SWCNTs composites was determined and the dehydrogenation behavior was studied. The experimental evidences were provided by TEM, AFM, XRD, EDS, CHN and TG/TDS analyses.

关键词：燃料电池；碳纳米管；复合材料

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Homewares include utility or supporting products used by individuals to perform their daily household activities such as cooking, cleaning, lighting, and furnishing. They are also used to maintain the décor of a home. Homewares include home hardware products such as cutlery, glassware, crockery, kitchen utensils, and rubbish bins, home textile and soft furnishing products such as bedding, cushions, mattresses, parasols, and door mats, window dressing products such as curtains, curtain poles, hooks, and rails, and lighting products such as light bulbs, lamp shades, and lamp stands.

关键词：家居用品；五金用品；床上用品；灯具；照明

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Polyoxyphenylene triazole sulfonic acid has been proposed as a basis for development of improved proton-conducting polymeric materials for solid-electrolyte membranes in hydrogen/air fuel cells. Heretofore, the proton-conducting membrane materials of choice have been exemplified by a family of perfluorosulfonic acid-based polymers (Nafion7 or equivalent). These materials are suitable for operation in the temperature of 75 to 85 C, but in order to reduce the sizes and/or increase the energy-conversion efficiencies of fuel-cell systems, it would be desirable to increase temperatures to as high as 120 C for transportation applications, and to as high as 180 C for stationary applications. However, at 120 C and at relative humidity values below 50 percent, the loss of water from perfluorosulfonic acid-based polymer membranes results in fuel-cell power densities too low to be of practical value. Therefore, membrane electrolyte materials that have usefully high proton conductivity in the temperature range of 180 C at low relative humidity and that do not rely on water for proton conduction at 180 C would be desirable. The proposed polyoxyphenylene triazole sulfonic acid-based materials have been conjectured to have these desirable properties. These materials would be free of volatile or mobile acid constituents. The generic molecular structure of these materials is intended to exploit the fact, demonstrated in previous research, that materials that contain ionizable acid and base groups covalently attached to thermally stable polymer backbones exhibit proton conduction even in the anhydrous state.

关键词：燃料电池；导电聚合物；湿度

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This report describes operations at SunLine Transit Agency for their newest prototype fuel cell bus and five compressed natural gas (CNG) buses. In May 2010, SunLine began operating its sixth-generation hydrogen fueled bus, an Advanced Technology (AT) fuel cell bus that incorporates the latest design improvements to reduce weight and increase reliability and performance. The agency is collaborating with the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) to evaluate the bus in revenue service. NREL has previously published two reports documenting the operation of the fuel cell bus in service. This report provides a summary of the results with a focus on the bus operation from July 2011 through January 2012.

关键词：燃料电池；公共汽车；设计

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