The Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003 mandated the Medicare Durable Medical Equipment, Prosthetics, Orthotics, and Supplies Competitive Bidding Program (the Competitive Bidding Program). The Competitive Bidding Program sets lower payment rates than conventional Medicare payment rates for selected durable medical equipment and supplies (DME items) while ensuring beneficiary access to quality items and services. In previous audits, we identified an estimated $16.5 million that the Illinois and Ohio Medicaid programs could have saved on diabetic test strips if they had obtained pricing similar to the pricing that Medicare obtained through the Competitive Bidding Program or by establishing a manufacturer rebate program. Test strips are just 1 of 339 DME items covered by the Competitive Bidding Program. Because we identified potential savings for test strips in Illinois and Ohio, we conducted this review of 42 selected DME items, including test strips in Minnesota. Our objective was to determine whether the Minnesota Medicaid program could achieve cost savings for the 42 selected DME items by obtaining pricing similar to the pricing that Medicare obtained through the Competitive Bidding Program.

关键词：医疗补助；付款；医疗器械；医疗用品

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Parking facilities are important to the construction and development of urban central commercial district. With the increase of urban economy and people's living standards, more and more cars, followed by more and more city parking is not convenient. Especially in the city center business district, "parking difficult" problem is particularly serious. In order to solve the parking problem, Yuan Yang-Cheng in T city commercial district is taken as the object, according to the investigation on the parking behavior. The survey results show that the key factors affecting the behavior of parking is price and the parking is interested in the convenient parking of parking guidance system. Also, the reasonable use of price lever parking supply and demand has great room for adjustment.

关键词：汽车；停车问题；城市中心

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The scope of this paper is to develop an advanced stated preferences (SP) survey customized to capture teenagers' behaviors and to estimate models of hybrid mode choices, in which the utilities depend on both the attributes of the mode and the latent variable willingness to walk or cycle. The SP scenarios include four alternative modes for the trip to school-car (escorted by parents), bus, bicycle, and walk-while the attributes are travel time; travel cost; walking tune to the bus station; availability of bike paths, sidewalks, and parking places; and weather conditions. The data are drawn from a survey that took place in all the high schools of Cyprus in 2012. The sample consists of 4,174 teenagers (ages 12 to 18) and covers 8.7% of the total high school population. For the model estimations, 8,348 SP observations are used. It was found that the existence of bike paths and wide pavements significantly affect the choice of active transport. The latent variable enters significantly into the specification of the choice model to assure that unobserved variables should be implemented in the choice process. Willingness to walk and to cycle has a positive effect on the choice of those alternatives and a negative effect on the choice of a car. Moreover, parents' level of education and mode use patterns and habits influence the development of attitudes toward mode choice. The results of the study provide insights on policies and campaigns that may help the next generation develop greener travel behavior.

关键词：交通；车辆；步行；青少年；选择意愿

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This paper presents an analysis of the degree of willingness to change from motorized travel modes to walking or cycling. The aim of the analysis is to reduce uncertainty between stated willingness to change and real shifts from car or transit to nonmotorized transportation modes. Data were collected in the city of Valencia, Spain, through a novel data collection effort based on multiple survey methods. Respondents traveling by car or transit were asked about their willingness to change to walking or cycling under the implementation of improvement measures to be selected. Then a hypothetical scenario was presented to respondents who stated a willingness to change; in the scenario, the previously selected measures were implemented and respondents were supposed to be cycling or walking. In addition, the costs of their usual travel mode were gradually reduced until they gave up cycling or walking. Those who decided to keep on walking or cycling were assumed to have a strong willingness to change. A statistical analysis performed with Heckman's sample selection model permitted identification of demographic, socioeconomic, and travel-related factors influencing the degree of willingness to change. Results revealed that car users presented a stronger willingness to switch to walking or cycling than transit users. In addition, older respondents showed a stronger willingness to change to both walking and cycling. Work- and school-related journeys were less associated with walking than noncommuting journeys, but they were more related to cycling. Policy implications of the results are highlighted.

关键词：汽车；意愿评估；模式选择

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Mining communities access to appropriate health care has not been well studied. Appropriate care includes competencies to adequately diagnose and treat mining related disease or illness. The current study has two primary objectives. First, we seek to understand whether mining communities face shortages in numbers of safety net providers compared to non-mining communities. To accomplish this, the study locates and maps mine locations in the U.S. and rural safety net providers (Rural Health Clinics, Federally Qualified Health Centers, Critical Access Hospitals and Black Lung Clinics). Second, we assess the capacity of rural safety net providers in mining areas to prevent, diagnose and treat mining related injury and illness. This was done through a survey of rural primary care providers practicing in safety net facilities co-located with mining communities.

关键词：矿工；保健；农村地区；职业安全与卫生；医药

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Research has shown that an effective way to reduce impaired driving is to increase the perceived risk of being stopped and arrested by law enforcement if driving while impaired. One of the most successful strategies for doing this is the coupling of intense and highly visible enforcement with publicity about the enforcement campaign. The term high-visibility enforcement (HVE) is used to describe law enforcement efforts aimed at deterring unsafe driving behavior by increasing the public's perception of being caught, arrested, and prosecuted. Two common enforcement strategies of HVE operations are sobriety checkpoints and saturation patrols. Checkpoints concentrate law enforcement officers at the roadside to identify impaired drivers passing through. Saturation patrols involve an increased number of officers patrolling a limited area where impaired driving is prevalent. Both use highly visible elements (such as a concentration of law enforcement officers, bright lights, signs, and marked patrol cars) to heighten their visual impact. Enforcement efforts must be supported by an equal amount of publicity and communications.

关键词：汽车；事故减少；交通安全

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No abstract available.

关键词：用药；健康物质的使用；精神障碍；医药

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In a large-scale urban evacuation necessitated by a disaster, many people can evacuate in their own automobiles, but evacuating individuals and families who do not have cars poses a great logistical challenge that many cities, counties, and states cannot overcome. Most emergency operations plans for large urbanized areas are insufficient in describing in specific and measurable terms how a major evacuation could be successfully conducted. This study systematically reviews the challenge of multimodal evacuation planning and presents a detailed literature review of published research and government documents to identify barriers to the enhancement of multimodal evacuation planning through the use of high-capacity vehicles to transport those who cannot evacuate on their own. Findings suggest that despite knowledge about multimodal transportation and the importance of integrating multimodalism into evacuation planning, most state and local governments do not apply the planning processes, training exercises, and resources necessary to evacuate households without automobiles. A research agenda for furthering multimodal evacuation planning is outlined, and recommendations are made for providing adequate multimodal transport during large-scale urban evacuations.

关键词：汽车；道路交通；交通安全

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On March 5, 2013, a 39-year old male volunteer fire fighter was struck and killed by an enclosed car hauler with trailer (used to haul luxury vehicles) on an interstate highway. The fire department was operating at the scene of a multiple vehicle crash when a fire department pumper, a fire department utility vehicle, and an Illinois State Police vehicle were struck by a car hauler. The fire department was preparing to clear the original incident when this incident occurred. Utility 105 (fire department utility vehicle) was initially positioned approximately 1/2 - 3/4 mile from the incident blocking the left lane of the interstate. The Incident Commander radioed Utility 105 to move behind the state police vehicle. The car hauler was approaching the scene in the left lane and failed to stop for the initial incident. The victim was leaning against the rear passenger seat on the driver's side of Utility 105 with the door open. Members of the fire department were in the median of the interstate and witnessed the car hauler approaching the crash scene at a rate of speed that was excessive for road conditions. Realizing the car hauler was not going to be able to stop, members yelled for everyone to get out of the way of the car hauler. The victim moved away from the utility vehicle. He was struck by the car hauler and pushed onto the shoulder of the interstate. After striking the victim and the utility vehicle, the car hauler struck the state police vehicle and then struck Engine 102. After the crash scene was secured, the Incident Commander initiated a personnel accountability report. Utility 105 was located in the median between a trailer from the initial crash and the car hauler. The victim was located by a state trooper and was unresponsive. Despite receiving cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and basic life support (BLS) at the scene, and advanced life support (ALS) in the ambulance and in the local hospital's emergency department, the victim died.

关键词：汽车；志愿消防员；连环碰撞

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This report presents results from the 2012 National Occupanst Protection Use Survey (NOPUS) Controlled Inter-section Study. NOPUS is the only nationwide probability-based occupant restraint use survey. The National Center for Statistics and Analysis of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration conducts this survey annually. The 2012 NOPUS found that male seat belt use increased significantly (up to 84 percent in 2012 from 81 percent in 2011) and that female seat belt use increased significantly (up to 88 percent in 2012 from 86 percent in 2011). Seat belt use among occupants age 25-69 years old increased significantly (up to 87 percent in 2012 from 84 percent in 2011). Restraint use for children in vans and SUVs decreased significantly down to 94 percent in 2012 from 97 percent in 2011. Seat belt use in rear seats stood at 75 percent in 2012.

关键词：汽车；限制使用；交通安全

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